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- Skeleton of an Extinct Flightless Toothed Bird, Hesperornis
The bird was five or six feet high, something like a swimming ostrich, with a very powerful leg but only a vestige of a wing. There were sharp teeth in a groove. The modern divers come nearest to this ancient type. - Skeletons of the Gibbon, Orang, Chimpanzee, Gorilla, Man
Photographically reduced from diagrams of the natural size (except that of the gibbon, which was twice as large as nature) drawn by Mr. Waterhouse Hawkins from specimens in the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons. - The Skull and Brain-Case of Pithecanthropus
The java ape-man, as restored. By J. H. Mcgregor from the scanty remains The restoration shows the low, retreating forehead and the prominent eyebrow ridges. - Skeleton of a Vulture
1, Cranium 2, face 3, cervical vertebræ 4, spinous processes of the dorsal vertebræ 5, coccygeal vertebræ 6, sternum 7, keel 8, superior ribs 9, inferior ribs 10, clavicle 11, coracoid bone 12, humerus 13, radius 14, ulna 15, carpus 16, hand 17, ilium 18, ischium 19, pubis 20, femur 21, tibia 22, fibula 23, osseous nodule, which some anatomists think represents the calcaneum; it is the sole vestige of the tarsus 24, metatarsus 25, foot 26, first toe - A Human Skeleton in the Attitude of a Quadruped
A Human Skeleton in the Attitude of a Quadruped. To give a general Idea of the position of the Bones in other Vertebrates. - Skeleton of the Bear
1. Cranium; 2, face; 3, atlas; 4, axis; 5, seventh cervical vertebra; 6, first dorsal vertebra; 7, fourteenth and last dorsal vertebra; 8, lumbar vertebræ; 9, sacrum; 10, coccygeal vertebræ; 11, sternum; 12, ninth and last sternal rib; 13, costal cartilages; 14, acromion process; 15, third fossa on the external surface of the scapula; 16, great tuberosity of the humerus; 17, musculo-spiral groove; 18, epicondyle; 19, radius; 20, ulna; 21, olecranon process; 22, carpus; 23, pisiform; 24, metacarpus; 25, phalanges; 26, ilium, external fossa; 27, pubis; 28, tuberosity of the ischium; 29, obturator foramen; 30, great trochanter of the femur; 31, condyles of the femur; 32, patella, or knee-cap; 33, anterior tuberosity of the tibia; 34, fibula; 35, tarsus; 36, calcaneum, or heel-bone; 37, metatarsus; 38, phalanges. - Skeleton of the Pig
1, Cranium; 2, face; 3, atlas; 4, axis; 5, seventh cervical vertebra; 6, first dorsal vertebra; 7, fourteenth and last dorsal vertebra; 8, lumbar vertebræ; 9, sacrum; 10, coccygeal vertebræ; 11, anterior extremity of the sternum; 12, xiphoid appendix; 13, seventh and last sternal rib; 14, costal cartilage; 15, cartilage of prolongation of the scapula; 16, great tuberosity of the humerus; 17, olecranon process; 18, radius; 19, ulna; 20, pisiform; 21, metacarpus; 22, phalanges of the two great toes; 23, phalanges of the external toe; 24, ilium; 25, pubis; 26, tuberosity of the ischium; 27, great trochanter; 28, knee-cap; 29, anterior tuberosity of the tibia; 30, fibula; 31, tarsus; 32, calcaneum; 33, metatarsus; 34, phalanges of the two great toes; 35, phalanges of the external toe. - Skeleton of the Ox
1, Cranium; 2, face; 3, atlas; 4, axis; 5, seventh cervical vertebra; 6, first dorsal vertebra; 7, thirteenth and last dorsal vertebra; 8, lumbar vertebræ; 9, sacrum; 10, coccygeal vertebræ; 11, sternum; 12, xiphoid appendix; 13, eighth and last sternal rib; 14, costal cartilages; 15, spine of scapula; 16, cartilage of prolongation of the scapula; 17, great tuberosity of the humerus; 18, musculo-spiral groove; 19, olecranon process; 20, radius; 21, carpus; 22, pisiform; 23, metacarpus; 24, rudimentary metacarpal; 25, sesamoid bones; 26, first phalanges; 27, second phalanges; 28, third phalanges; 29, anterior iliac spine; 30, pubis; 31, tuberosity of the ischium; 32, great trochanter; 33, supracondyloid fossa of the femur; 34, patella, or knee-cap; 35, anterior tuberosity of the tibia; 36, fibula; 37, coronoid tarsal bone; 38, tarsus; 39, calcaneum; 40, metatarsus; 41, rudimentary metatarsus; 42, sesamoid bones; 43, first phalanges; 44, second phalanges; 45, third phalanges. - Skeleton of the Horse
1, Cranium; 2, face; 3, atlas; 4, axis; 5, seventh cervical vertebra; 6, first dorsal vertebra; 7, eighteenth and last dorsal vertebra; 8, lumbar vertebræ; 9, sacrum; 10, coccygeal vertebræ; 11, sternum; 12, xiphoid appendix; 13, eighteenth and last sternal rib; 14, costal cartilage; 15, scapula; 16, cartilage of extension; 17, great tuberosity of the humerus; 18, deltoid crest; 19, olecranon process; 20, radius; 21, carpus; 22, pisiform; 23, principal metacarpal; 24, metacarpal, external rudimentary; 25, large sesamoids; 26, first phalanx; 27, second phalanx; 28, third phalanx; 29, ilium, showing external iliac fossa; 30, pubis; 31, tuberosity of the ischium; 32, great trochanter; 33, infratrochanteric crest, or third trochanter; 34, supracondyloid fossa of the femur; 35, knee-cap; 36, anterior tuberosity of the tibia; 37, the fibula; 38, tarsus astragalus; 39, calcaneum; 40, principal metatarsal; 41, rudimentary external metatarsal; 42, large sesamoids; 43, first phalanx; 44, second phalanx; 45, third phalanx. - Skeleton of the Dog
1, Cranium; 2, face; 3, atlas; 4, axis; 5, seventh cervical vertebra; 6, thirteenth and last dorsal vertebra; 7, lumbar vertebræ; 8, sacrum; 9, coccygeal vertebræ; 10, anterior extremity of the sternum; 11, xiphoid appendix; 12, ninth and last sternal rib; 13, costal cartilages; 14, spinal border of the scapula; 15, supraspinous fossa of the scapula; 16, infraspinous fossa of the scapula; 17, great tuberosity of the humerus; 18, deltoid impression; 19, musculo-spiral groove; 20, olecranon process; 21, radius; 22, carpus; 23, pisiform; 24, metacarpus; 25, sesamoid bones; 26, phalanges; 27, ilium, iliac crest; 28, pubis; 29, tuberosity of the ischium; 30, great trochanter of the femur; 31, patella, or knee-cap; 32, anterior tuberosity of the tibia; 33, fibula; 34, tarsus; 35, calcaneum, or heel-bone; 36, metatarsus; 37, sesamoid bones; 38, phalanges. - Palæomastodon
Restored model of the skull and lower jaw of the ancestral elephant Palæomastodon from the upper Eocene strata of the Fayoum Desert, Egypt. It shows the six molar teeth of the upper and lower jaw (left side), the tusk-like upper incisors and the large chisel-like lower incisors in front. - Myotragus
Drawing of the skull of the rat-toothed goat, Myotragus—the new extinct beast discovered in limestone fissures in the island of Majorca by Miss Bate. 1. Side view of the skull and lower jaw. 2. Appearance of the two rat-like teeth as seen when the end of the lower jaw is viewed from above. - Skeleton of Indian Elephant
Skeleton of the Indian elephant. Only four toes are visible, the fifth concealed owing to the view from the side. - Skulls of Iguanodont and Trachodont Dinosaurs
Skulls of Iguanodont and Trachodont Dinosaurs - Skulls of Horned Dinosaurs
Skulls of Horned Dinosaurs. The lower row, Ceratops, Styracosaurus, Monoclonius, are from the Middle Cretacic (Belly River formation) of Alberta; Anchiceratops is from the Upper Cretacic (Edmonton formation) of Alberta; Triceratops and Torosaurus from the uppermost Cretacic (Lance formation) of Wyoming. - Skulls of Dinosaurs, illustrating the principal types
Skulls of Dinosaurs, illustrating the principal types - Skeleton of Tyrannosaurus in comparison with human skeleton
This animal probably reached the maximum of size and of development of teeth and claws of which its type of animal mechanism was capable. Its bulk precluded quickness and agility. It must have been designed to attack and prey upon the ponderous and slow moving Horned and Armored Dinosaurs with which its remains are found, and whose massive cuirass and weapons of defense are well matched with its teeth and claws. The momentum of its huge body involved a seemingly slow and lumbering action, an inertia of its movements, difficult to start and difficult to shift or to stop. - Outline sketch restoration of Triceratops
Outline sketch restoration of Triceratops, from the mounted skeleton in the National Museum. - Skeleton of Horse
Skeleton of the Horse 1.Skull, or skeleton of the head. 2.Cervical vertebræ or neck bones. 3.Dorsal vertebræ or back bones. 4.Lumbar vertebræ or loin bones. 5.Sacral vertebræ or rump bones. 6.Coccygeal vertebræ or tail bones. 7.Pelvic or hip bones. 8.Sternum or breast bone. 9.Ribs. 10.Scapula or shoulder blade. 11.Humerus or shoulder bone. 12.Radius or bone of the fore-arm. 13.Ulna or bone of the fore-arm. 14.Carpus or bones of the knee. 15.Os Melacarpi Magnus, metacarpal, or cannon bone. 16.Ossa Melacarpi Parva, or splint bones. 17.Proximal Phalanx, os suffraginis, or large pastern bone. 18.Great Sesamoid Bones. 19.Medium Phalanx, os coronæ, or small pastern bone. 20.Distal Phalanx, os pedis, or coffin bone. 21.Os Naviculare, small sesamoid, or shuttle bone. 22.Femur, or thigh bone. 23.Patella, or stifle bone. 24.Tibia, or leg bone. 25.Fibula. (This bone is little developed in the horse.) 26.Tarsus or hock bones. 27.Metatarsus, or os metatarsi magnus. 28.Ossa Metatarsi Parva, or splint bones of the hind leg. Names of joints placed according to numbers. I. Shoulder Joint. II. Elbow Joint. III.Carpus or knee joint. IV.Fetlock Joint. V.Pastern Joint. VI.Coffin Joint. VII.Hip Joint. VIII.Stifle Joint. IX.Tarsus or hock joint. - Cross section of foot of a horse
Anatomy of the Foot.—This illustration represents the foot of a horse sawed from above the fetlock down through the center of the foot. It shows the structure of the foot, the name of each part being given according to number. 1. Lower end of large metacarpal, or cannon bone. 2. Bursa, which secretes the joint oil that lubricates the place where the tendon, or cord, on the front of the leg passes down over the front of the fetlock joint. This is important as it sometimes gets injured and becomes enlarged. It is then called a bursal enlargement, and is of the same nature as a wind gall. 3. Fetlock joint. 4. Os suffraginis, or large pastern bone. 5. Pastern joint. This joint is important; when diseased it is the seat of a high ringbone. 6. Os coronae or small pastern bone. 7. Coffin joint. This joint is important, for when it is diseased it is known as a low ringbone. 8. Wall of the hoof. 9. Os pedis, or coffin bone. 10. Sensitive wall, or quick of the foot. 11. Sensitive sole, or quick of the foot. 12. Frog of the foot, or horney frog. 13. Plantar cushion, or fatty frog. 14. Navicular bone. This is also important, for when diseased it is the seat of navicular, or coffin joint lameness. 15. Back tendons below the fetlock. 16. Sesamoid, or fetlock bones. 17. Skin. 18. Back tendons above the fetlock.