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Home / Albums / Keyword 20th Century 463

Single burglars usually come in by the skylight, closed at night by a small sliding-door, which does duty as chimney in the kitchen, or crawl under the floor which is some two feet from the ground, by tearing away the boarding under the verandah and come up by carefully removing the loose plank of the floor, under which fuel is kept in the kitchen. If the burglars are in a gang, they naturally come in more boldly than these kitchen sneaks. Once inside, the thief has the run of the house as all the rooms communicate by sliding-doors and are never locked, and the whole household is at his mercy. Since, then, houses are so easy of entry, it might be supposed that burglaries are very frequent in Tokyo; that such is not the case is probably due to the somewhat primitive methods pursued by these gentry and to the effective detective system of the police authorities. 190 visits
The breakfast is, then, very simple. Sometimes the family take their meals together at a large low table which is set before them at each repast; but often a small tray, about a foot square and standing six inches or more high, is placed before each member. In the left corner of the tray near the person before whom it is set, is a small china bowl of rice, while on the right is a wooden bowl of miso-soup, A tiny plate of pickled vegetables occupies the middle or the farther left corner, while any extra plate would fill the remaining corner. This plate also holds something very simple, such as plums preserved in red perilla leaves, boiled kidney bean, pickled scallions, minute fish or shrimps boiled down dry in soy sauce, a pat of baked miso, or shavings of dried bonito boiled in a mixture of soy and mirin. The chopsticks are laid between the rim of the tray and the bowls of rice and soup. They vary in length, those for women being shorter than those for men but longer than children’s; their length may, however, be put at between eight and ten inches. 146 visits
Rice is the staple food of the Japanese; and no other food-stuff stands so high in popular esteem, or has a tutelary deity of its own. This rice-god has more shrines than any other deity, for he is worshipped everywhere, in town and village, and often a small shrine, no bigger than a hut, peeps amid a lonely cluster of trees surrounded on all sides by rice-paddies, its latticed door covered from top to bottom with the ex-votos of the simple peasant folk. 215 visits
Sometimes a small square hearth is cut in the sitting-room or some other convenient room; and in cold season a wooden frame supported by four pillars is put over the hearth and covered with a large quilt. Live charcoal is put into the hearth and the family sit around it with their knees under the quilt or lie down with their feet stretched out to the hearth. At other seasons the wooden frame is removed and a small mat of the same size as the hearth is put over it. As the hearth cannot be moved about, most people prefer a portable foot-warmer, which is usually a square wooden box with openings at the top and sides; one of the sides slides open and through it an earthen pan of live charcoal is placed inside. A quilt is laid over it as in the case of the hearth. Another, made specially for putting in bed, is of earthenware with a rounded top, which takes some time to heat. As the ordinary cut charcoal is consumed too quickly, balls of charcoal dust are used in these foot-warmers. 129 visits
Articles of clothing are put into chests of drawers or wicker-trunks. Chests of drawers are commonly made in halves with two drawers each, put one upon the other and fastened by iron clamps. This is to facilitate their removal, a provision which is of importance where fires are frequent. The wicker-trunk has a lid which is as deep as the trunk itself and encloses it, and thus any amount of clothing may be put into it up to the joint depth of the two. The trunks are hidden away in the closets; but the chests of drawers, if they cannot be put into a closet without inconvenience as they are over three feet wide, are set in a corner or against a wall. Indeed, they are purposely put sometimes where they can be seen and become part of the furniture of the room. In large houses where there are godowns, or fireproof plaster storehouses, the chests are put in them, and only such as contain articles of daily wear for the season are kept in the house itself. 107 visits
The sitting-room has little furniture. An indispensable article in it is the brazier, usually oblong, with a set of three small drawers one under another at the side and two others side by side under the copper tray filled with ashes, on which charcoal is burnt inside an iron or clay trivet. On this trivet is set a kettle of iron or copper. The iron kettle is made of thick cast-iron and kept on the trivet so as always to have hot water ready for tea-making: and the copper kettle is used when we wish to boil water quickly. Beside the brazier is a small shelf or cabinet for tea-things. Behind the brazier is a cushion where the wife sits; this is her usual post. There is also a cushion on the other side or the brazier, where the husband or other members of the house may sit. 186 visits
The parlour, the principal room of the house, is always kept tidy. It has an alcove, six feet long by three deep, consisting of a dais, a few inches high, of plain hard wood, which will bear polishing, though a thin matting is sometimes put over it. Not unfrequently, another piece of wood, generally square, forms the outer edge so that the thickness of the floor of the alcove can be concealed. The dais has a special ceiling of its own, or a bit of a wall, of plaster or wood, coming down over it a foot or more from the ceiling. On the dais is set a vase of porcelain or metal, bottle-shaped or flat, in which branches of a tree or shrubs in flower are put in, and on the wall is hung a kakemono, or scroll of picture or writing. These two constitute the main ornament of the room. New flowers are put in every few days and the kakemono is changed from time to time. This is the peculiarity of the kakemono as a piece of house decoration. We do not exhibit all our treasures in kakemono at the same time, but hang them one, two, or three at a time according to the size of the alcove and the kakemono themselves, so that the visitor calling at different seasons may delight his eyes with the sight of fresh pictures or writings each time he calls. 174 visits
The smallest houses are those in the slums which have only three yards’ frontage and a depth of four yards. The entrance, the space for kitchen utensils and the sink, and perhaps a closet or cupboard would leave room for little more than three mats, on which the whole family live; but as children spend all their playtime outside and come in only for meals, it is at night that the house is crowded, and even then as they sleep higgledy-piggledy, a couple or so of children do not inconvenience their parents to any appreciable extent. A two-roomed house is common enough and is not confined to the slums. A childless old couple, when the wife has to do the household work, find such a house large enough for them. Artisans also live in them. Three-roomed houses, too, are very common. Houses built in blocks are oftenest of this size. They are made up of the porch, the sitting-room, and the parlour or drawing-room. These three rooms are the essential portions of a house; and larger houses merely add to them. A visitor calls at the porch, the paper sliding-door is opened, he is invited to come in, he leaves his hat and greatcoat in the porch, and enters the parlour. 115 visits
A Japanese room is measured, not by feet and inches, but by the number of mats it contains. A mat consists of a straw mattress, about an inch and a half thick, with a covering of fine matting which is sewn on at the edges of the mattress either by itself or with a border, usually dark-blue and an inch wide, of coarse hempen cloth. It is six feet long by three wide; this measure is not always exact, but may vary by an inch or more in either direction. When a house is newly built, the mat-maker comes to make mats to fit the rooms in it. But in spite of the variation, the size of a room is always given in the number of mats it holds, so that we never know the exact dimensions of a room. The smallest room has two mats, that is, is about six feet square; the next smallest is three-matted, or three yards by two. Four-matted rooms are sometimes to be found; but such rooms are unshapely, being four yards long by two wide. A room with four and a half mats is three yards square and has the half mat, which is a yard square, in the centre. The next size is six-matted, or four yards by three and is followed by the eight-matted, or four yards square. 197 visits
Convention also makes itself felt in the laying out of a Japanese garden, though a greater latitude is allowed to the gardener’s ingenuity. Still the principles remain unchanged. In a large garden we usually find a pond, dry if no water is available, and surrounded with rocks of various shapes, and a knoll or two behind the pond with pines, maples, and other trees, and stone lanterns here and there. A few flowering shrubs are in sight, but these are planted for a season; thus, peonies, morning-glories, and chrysanthemums are removed as soon as they fade, while corchoruses and hydrangeas are cut down leaving only the roots behind. The chief features of the garden are the evergreens like the pine, trees whose leaves crimson in autumn like the maple, and above all, the flowering trees like the plum, the cherry, and the peach. A landscape garden presents, when the trees are not in blossom, a somewhat severe or solemn aspect; we do not expect from it the gaiety which beds of flowers impart. Indeed, many European flowering plants have of late been introduced, such as anemones, cosmoses, geraniums, nasturtiums, tulips, crocuses, and begonias; but they still look out of place in a Japanese garden. Roses are sometimes planted, but they are almost scentless. The humidity of the climate appears to militate against the perfume of flowers. 120 visits
In Japan there was neither an architect nor a builder as a distinct calling. Even now, ordinary dwelling-houses are not built by either of them; it is the carpenter who has charge of their construction. The carpenter’s is a dignified craft; he is called in Japanese the “great artificer,” and stands at the head of all artisans. In the building of a house, a master carpenter is called in; he prepares the plans, and if they are approved, he sets to work with his apprentices and journeymen. 153 visits
here is, however, still another element of insecurity in wooden houses. House-breaking is by no means difficult in Tokyo. In the daytime the front entrance is generally closed with sliding-doors which can, however, be gently opened and entered without attracting notice unless some one happens to be in an adjoining room. The kitchen door is usually kept open, and it is quite easy to sneak into the kitchen and make away with food or utensils. Tradesmen, rag-merchants, and hawkers come into the kitchen to ask for orders, to buy waste-paper or broken crockery, or to sell their wares, so that there is nothing unusual in finding strange men on the premises. Sometimes these hawkers are really burglars in disguise come to reconnoitre the house with a view to paying it a nocturnal visit. At night, of course, the house is shut and the doors are bolted or fastened with a ring and staple, but very seldom locked or chained. 130 visits
Gates, too, vary in size and form. The most modest are no more than low wicker-gates which can be jumped over and offer no bar to intrusion. Others are of the same make, but stand higher so that the interior can be seen only through cracks. But the most common consist of two square posts with hinged doors which meet in the middle and are kept shut by a cross-bar passing through clamps on them. These gates may be of the cheapest kind of wood, such as cryptomeria, or may be massive and of hard wood. Another common kind has a roof over it with a single door which is hinged on one post and fastened on to the other and provided with a small sliding-door for daily use. The larger pair gates have also small side-doors for use at night when they are themselves shut. 183 visits
The samisen is early taught. Girls of seven or thereabouts are made to learn it while their fingers are still very pliant. But the lessons are hard to learn as the tunes have to be committed to memory, for there are no scores to refer to. There is no popular method of notation; the marks which are sometimes to be seen in song-books are too few to be of use to any but skilled musicians. The lighter samisen does not require much exertion to play; women can thrum it for hours on end; and they make slight indentations on the nails of the middle and ring fingers of the left hand for catching the strings when those fingers are moved up and down the neck to stop them. But with the heavier kind the indentations are deeper, and the constant friction of the strings hardens the finger-tips and often breaks the nails, while still worse is the condition of the right hand which holds the plectrum. The plectrum, the striking end of which is flat as in the one for the slender-necked samisen, is heavily leaded and weighs from twelve ounces to a pound when used by professionals; and the handle, which is square, is held between the ring and little fingers for leverage and worked with the thumb and the forefinger. 276 visits
The only Japanese musical instrument taught in girls’ schools is the koto, a kind of zither. As the koto is the most adaptable of all Japanese instruments to western music, it is more readily learnt than others at schools where the piano and the violin are also taught. There are several kinds of koto, the number of strings on them ranging from one to twenty-five; but the one exclusively used at schools has thirteen strings It has a hollow convex body,six feet five inches long and ten inches wide at one end and half an inch narrower at the other, and stands on legs three and a half inches high. The strings are tied at equal distances at the head or broader end and gathered at the other; they are supported each by its own bridge, the position of which varies with the pitch required. Small ivory nails are put on the tips of the fingers for striking the strings. 287 visits
When she goes out on an informal visit, the Japanese woman usually puts on a crested haori; but if it is only for a walk, the haori may be plain. The kimono may on such occasions be of any pattern, only that when she makes a call, the band must be of the same cloth as the kimono. 153 visits
There are no streets in Tokyo which are known as fashionable afternoon resorts, because the shops are so constructed that one cannot stop before them without being accosted by the squatting salesmen. Only in a few main streets are there regular rows of shops with show-windows against which one could press one’s nose to look at the wares exhibited or peer beyond at the shop-girls at the counter; but then business is not done in Japan over the counter, nor do shop-girls hide their charms behind a window, for the shops are open to the street and the show-girls, or “signboard-girls” as we call them, squat at the edge visible to all passers-by and are as distinctive a feature of the shop as the signboard itself. The goods are exhibited on the floor in glass cases or in piles, a custom which is not commendable when pastry or confectionery is on sale, for standing as it does on the south-eastern end of the great plain of Musashino, Tokyo is a very windy city, and the thick clouds of fine dust raised by the wind on fair days cover every article exposed and penetrate through the joints of glass cases, so that in Tokyo a man who is fond of confectionery must expect to eat his pound of dirt not within a lifetime, but often in a few weeks. If one stops for a moment to look at the wares, he is bidden at once to sit on the floor and examine other articles which would be brought out for his inspection, whereupon he has either to accept the invitation or move on. One seldom cares therefore to loiter in the street. The only shops that are often crowded by loiterers are the booksellers’ and cheap-picture dealers’. 244 visits
People go out at this time to look at the Seven Herbs of Autumn, the principal of which is the lespedeza bicolor with its pretty little red flowers; the other six are the miscanthus sinensis, pueraria thunbergiana, dianthus superbus, patrinia seabiosœfolia, cupatorium chinense, and platycodon grandiflorum. The autumnal equinox is celebrated in the same manner as the vernal. 147 visits
Gearless, 75 H.P. Gearless Transmission Co., Rochester, N. Y. PRICE: $3,750 BODY: Side entrance tonneau SEATS: 7 persons WEIGHT: 3,000 pounds WHEEL-BASE: 128 inches TREAD: 56 inches TIRES, FRONT: 36 × 4 inches TIRES, REAR: 36 × 4½ inches STEERING: Worm and nut BRAKES: On transmission and 2 on each rear hub SPRINGS: Semi-elliptical FRAME: Pressed steel BORE: 413/16 in.; STROKE: 5⅝ in. CYLINDERS: 6 vertical in front VALVE ARRANGEMENT: Inlet and exhaust in side ports MOTOR SUSPENSION: From sub-frame COOLING: Water IGNITION: Jump spark, 2 sets of plugs CURRENT SUPPLY: Storage battery and magneto CARBURETER: Float-feed LUBRICATION: Pump driven by gears MOTOR-CONTROL: Spark and throttle CLUTCH: Expanding ring CHANGE GEAR: Gearless 1907 model, direct drive SPEEDS: 2 forward and reverse CHANGE-GEAR CONTROL: Foot pedal for forward speeds; side lever for back up DRIVE: Shaft 250 visits
Hercules, Model 101. James Macnaughtan Co., Buffalo, N. Y. PRICE: $2,000 BODY: Closed delivery wagon CAPACITY: 1,000 pounds WEIGHT: 2,700 pounds TIRES, FRONT: 34 × 2 inches TIRES, REAR: 36 × 2 inches STEERING: Horizontal side lever BRAKES: Internal expanding hub SPRINGS: Front, half platform; rear, full elliptical MOTORS: Single equipment MOTOR SUSPENSION: From body MOTOR-CONTROL: Westinghouse CHANGE SPEEDS: 4 forward and reverse DRIVE: Double chain 225 visits
Frontenac, Model C, 40 H.P. Abendroth & Root Mfg. Co., Newburgh, N. Y. PRICE: $3,500 BODY: Side entrance tonneau SEATS: 5 to 7 persons WEIGHT: 2,800 pounds WHEEL-BASE: 123 inches TREAD: 56 inches TIRES, FRONT: 34 × 4 inches TIRES, REAR: 34 × 4½ inches STEERING: Bevel gear connecting to worm and nut BRAKES: Internal and external on rear wheels BORE: 4¾ in.; STROKE: 5 in. SPRINGS: Semi-elliptical FRAME: Pressed steel CYLINDERS: 4, vertical in pairs VALVE ARRANGEMENT: On same side MOTOR SUSPENSION: From sub-frame COOLING: Water, fin tube radiator IGNITION: Jump spark CURRENT SUPPLY: Storage battery and magneto CARBURETER: Automatic LUBRICATION: Splash MOTOR-CONTROL: Spark and throttle CHANGE GEAR: Sliding type SPEEDS: 3 forward and reverse CHANGE-GEAR CONTROL: Selective system DRIVE: Shaft 224 visits
Gearless, 50 H.P. Gearless Transmission Co., Rochester, N. Y. PRICE: $3,000 BODY: Side entrance tonneau SEATS: 5 persons WEIGHT: 2,600 pounds WHEEL-BASE: 124 inches TREAD: 56 inches TIRES, FRONT: 36 × 4 inches TIRES, REAR: 36 × 4 inches STEERING: Worm and nut BRAKES: On transmission and two on each rear hub SPRINGS: Semi-elliptical FRAME: Pressed steel BORE: 4⅝ in.; STROKE: 5 in. CYLINDERS: 4, vertical in front; two cycle MOTOR SUSPENSION: From sub-frame COOLING: Air jackets. Blower; copper fins cast on cylinders IGNITION: Jump spark CURRENT SUPPLY: Storage battery and dry cells CARBURETER: Float-feed LUBRICATION: Mechanical force feed oiler MOTOR-CONTROL: Spark and throttle CLUTCH: Expanding ring CHANGE GEAR: Gearless 1907 model, direct drive SPEEDS: 2 forward and reverse CHANGE-GEAR CONTROL: Foot pedal for forward speeds; ride lever for reverse DRIVE: Shaft 262 visits
Gearless, 60 H.P. Gearless Transmission Co., Rochester, N. Y. PRICE: $3,250 BODY: Side entrance tonneau SEATS: 5 persons WEIGHT: 2,800 pounds WHEEL-BASE: 124 inches TREAD: 56 inches TIRES, FRONT: 36 × 4 inches TIRES, REAR: 36 × 4 inches STEERING: Worm and nut BRAKES: On transmission and rear hubs SPRINGS: Semi-elliptical FRAME: Pressed steel BORE: 5 in.; STROKE: 5 in. CYLINDERS: 4 vertical in front, 2 cycle MOTOR SUSPENSION: From sub-frame COOLING: Water IGNITION: Double jump spark CURRENT SUPPLY: Magneto and battery CARBURETER: Float-feed LUBRICATION: Mechanical force feed MOTOR-CONTROL: Spark and throttle CLUTCH: Expanding ring CHANGE GEAR: Gearless direct drive SPEEDS: 2 forward and reverse CHANGE-GEAR CONTROL: Side lever and foot pedal DRIVE: Shaft 237 visits
Covert Commercial Car, 12 H.P. Covert Motor Vehicle Co., Lockport, N. Y. PRICE: $1,000 BODY: Express (screen sides) CAPACITY: 1,000 pounds WEIGHT: 1,500 pounds WHEEL-BASE: 84 inches TREAD: 56 inches TIRES, FRONT: 32 × 2 inches TIRES, REAR: 32 × 2 inches SPRINGS: Full elliptic CYLINDERS: Double opposed MOTOR SUSPENSION: From side members of frame, under seat COOLING: Water; cellular radiator IGNITION: Jump spark CURRENT SUPPLY: Batteries CHANGE GEAR: Sliding type CHANGE-GEAR CONTROL: Side lever DRIVE: Shaft and bevel gears 211 visits
Frontenac Runabout, Model D, 40–45 H.P. Abendroth and Root M'f'g. Co., Newburgh, N. Y. PRICE: $3,500 BODY: Runabout SEATS: 3 persons WEIGHT: 2,500 pounds WHEEL-BASE: 123 inches TREAD: 56 inches TIRES, FRONT: 36 × 3½ in. TIRES, REAR: 36 × 4½ in. STEERING: Bevel gear and shaft connecting to worm and nut BRAKES: External and internal on rear wheels SPRINGS: Semi-elliptical FRAME: Pressed steel BORE: 4¾ in.; STROKE: 5 in. CYLINDERS: 4 vertical, in pairs VALVE ARRANGEMENT: On one side MOTOR SUSPENSION: Sub-frame COOLING: Water; fin tube radiator IGNITION: Jump spark (double) CURRENT SUPPLY: Magneto and battery CARBURETER: Automatic float-feed LUBRICATION: Splash MOTOR-CONTROL: Spark and throttle CHANGE GEAR: Sliding type SPEEDS: 3 forward and reverse CHANGE-GEAR CONTROL: Selective system DRIVE: Shaft 209 visits
Chicago Coal or Gravel Truck. Chicago Commercial Auto Mfg. Co., Chicago, Ill. BODY: Tilting CAPACITY: 5 tons WHEEL-BASE: 126 inches TREAD: 64 inches TIRES, FRONT: 36 inches, solid rubber TIRES, REAR: 36 inches, solid rubber BRAKES: On transmission shaft and rear hubs SPRINGS: Platform type FRAME: Steel BORE: 6 inches STROKE: 6 inches CYLINDERS: 4, cast separate VALVE ARRANGEMENT: in cylinder heads on same side MOTOR SUSPENSION: Under seat COOLING: Water IGNITION: Jump spark CURRENT SUPPLY: Batteries or magneto CARBURETER: Float-feed type LUBRICATION: Mechanical force feed MOTOR-CONTROL: Spark and throttle CLUTCH: Cast steel bands with graphite inserts CHANGE GEAR: Sliding type SPEEDS: 3 forward and reverse CHANGE-GEAR CONTROL: Side lever DRIVE: Side chains 179 visits
Chicago Combination Pass. & Bagg. Car. Chicago Commercial Auto Mfg. Co., Chicago, Ill. BODY: Passenger and baggage car SEATS: 16 persons WHEEL-BASE: 126 inches TREAD: 64 inches TIRES, FRONT: 36 inches, solid rubber TIRES, REAR: 36 inches, solid rubber BRAKES: On transmission shaft and rear wheels SPRINGS: Platform type FRAME: Steel BORE: 6 inches STROKE: 6 inches CYLINDERS: 4 vertical, separate VALVE ARRANGEMENT: In cylinder heads, on same side MOTOR SUSPENSION: Under seat COOLING: Water IGNITION: Jump spark CURRENT SUPPLY: Batteries or magneto CARBURETER: Float-feed LUBRICATION: Mechanical force feed MOTOR-CONTROL: Spark and throttle CLUTCH: Cast steel band with graphite inserts CHANGE GEAR: Sliding type SPEEDS: 3 forward and reverse CHANGE-GEAR CONTROL: Side lever DRIVE: Side chains 159 visits
Chicago Truck with Winch. Chicago Commercial Auto Mfg. Co., Chicago, Ill. BODY: Platform truck with winch CAPACITY: 5 tons WHEEL-BASE: 126 inches TREAD: 64 inches TIRES, FRONT: 36 inches, solid rubber TIRES, REAR: 36 inches, solid rubber STEERING: Vertical column BRAKES: On transmission and rear hubs SPRINGS: Platform type FRAME: Steel BORE: 6 inches STROKE: 6 inches CYLINDERS: 4, cast separate VALVE ARRANGEMENT: In cylinder heads, operated from one side MOTOR SUSPENSION: Under driver's seat COOLING: Water IGNITION: Jump spark CURRENT SUPPLY: Batteries or magneto CARBURETER: Float-feed type LUBRICATION: Forced feed oiler MOTOR-CONTROL: Spark and throttle CLUTCH: Cast steel bands with graphite inserts CHANGE GEAR: Sliding type SPEEDS: 3 forward and reverse CHANGE-GEAR CONTROL: Side lever DRIVE: Double side chain 181 visits
Chase 2-Ton Truck, Model I, 30–40 H.P. Chase Motor Truck Co., Syracuse, N.Y. PRICE: $3,500 BODY: Express, stake cart or bus CAPACITY: 4,000 pounds WEIGHT: 3,500 pounds WHEEL-BASE: 108 inches TREAD: 56 inches TIRES, FRONT: 36 × 4 in. solid TIRES, REAR: 36 x 3 in. twin solid STEERING: Nut and screw BRAKES: Transmission and rear wheel hub SPRINGS: Front full elliptic, rear semi-elliptic FRAME: Wood BORE: 4½ in.; STROKE: 5 in. CYLINDERS: 4 vertical in front VALVE ARRANGEMENT: 2 cycle; no valves in cylinders MOTOR SUSPENSION: From side of frame COOLING: Forced air IGNITION: Jump spark CURRENT SUPPLY: Storage battery CARBURETER: Automatic LUBRICATION: Automatic MOTOR-CONTROL: Spark and throttle CLUTCH: Cone, cork inserts CHANGE GEAR: Sliding type SPEEDS: 3 forward speeds and reverse CHANGE-GEAR CONTROL: Side lever DRIVE: Side chains 205 visits
Chicago 6-Ton Coal Truck. Chicago Commercial Auto Mfg. Co., Chicago, Ill. BODY: Side delivery CAPACITY: 12,000 pounds WHEEL-BASE: 126 inches TREAD: 64 inches TIRES, FRONT: 36 inches, solid rubber TIRES, REAR: 36 inches, solid rubber STEERING: Vertical column BRAKES: On transmission shaft and rear wheels SPRINGS: Platform type FRAME: Steel BORE: 6 inches STROKE: 6 inches CYLINDERS: 4, cast separate VALVE ARRANGEMENT: In cylinder heads, operated from one side MOTOR SUSPENSION: Under cab COOLING: Water IGNITION: Jump Spark CURRENT SUPPLY: Batteries or magneto CARBURETER: Float-feed type LUBRICATION: Mechanical force feed MOTOR-CONTROL: Spark and throttle CLUTCH: Cast steel bands with graphite inserts CHANGE GEAR: Sliding type SPEEDS: 3 forward and reverse CHANGE-GEAR CONTROL: Side lever DRIVE: Side chains 194 visits
Chicago 6-Ton Coal Truck. Chicago Commercial Auto Mfg. Co., Chicago, Ill. BODY: End delivery CAPACITY: 12,000 pounds WHEEL-BASE: 126 inches TREAD: 64 inches TIRES, FRONT: 36 inches, solid rubber TIRES, REAR: 36 inches, solid rubber STEERING: Vertical column BRAKES: On transmission shaft and rear hubs SPRINGS: Platform type FRAME: Steel BORE: 6 inches STROKE: 6 inches CYLINDERS: 4, cast separate VALVE ARRANGEMENT: In cylinder heads, operated from one side MOTOR SUSPENSION: Under driver's cab COOLING: Water IGNITION: Jump spark CURRENT SUPPLY: Batteries or magneto CARBURETER: Float-feed type LUBRICATION: Mechanical force feed MOTOR-CONTROL: Spark and throttle CLUTCH: Cast steel bands with graphite inserts CHANGE GEAR: Sliding type SPEEDS: 3 forward and reverse CHANGE-GEAR CONTROL: Side lever DRIVE: Side chains 174 visits
10-Passenger Limousine. Autocar Equipment Co., Buffalo, N. Y. PRICE: $5,500 BODY: Limousine SEATS: 10 persons inside, 2 outside TREAD: 62½ inches TIRES, FRONT: 36 × 3½ in. TIRES, REAR: 36 × 4 in. STEERING: Irreversible with worm gear BRAKES: On counter shaft, and double-acting on rear hubs SPRINGS: Semi-elliptic FRAME: Oak and steel BORE: 411/16 in. STROKE: 5½ in. CYLINDERS: 4 vertical, separate VALVE ARRANGEMENT: On opposite sides COOLING: Water, cellular radiator IGNITION: Jump spark CURRENT SUPPLY: Batteries CARBURETER: Float-feed automatic LUBRICATION: Force feed MOTOR-CONTROL: Spark and throttle CLUTCH: Conical type CHANGE GEAR: Sliding type SPEEDS: 3 forward and reverse CHANGE-GEAR CONTROL: Side lever DRIVE: Double chain 181 visits
Belden, 30 H.P. Belden Auto Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. PRICE: $4,500 BODY: Side entrance tonneau SEATS: 7 persons WEIGHT: 2,450 pounds WHEEL-BASE: 124 inches TREAD: 56 inches TIRES, FRONT: 36 × 3½ inches TIRES, REAR: 36 × 4½ inches STEERING: Worm and sector BRAKES: Two on rear hubs SPRINGS: Semi-elliptical front; platform rear FRAME: Pressed steel BORE: 5⅛ in.; STROKE: 5½ in. CYLINDERS: 4 vertical, in front VALVE ARRANGEMENT: Mechanical intake and exhaust MOTOR SUSPENSION: From side members of frame COOLING: Water; cellular radiator IGNITION: Jump spark CURRENT SUPPLY: Magneto and battery CARBURETER: Automatic LUBRICATION: Force feed MOTOR-CONTROL: Spark and throttle CLUTCH: Multiple disc CHANGE GEAR: Belden selective SPEEDS: 3 forward and reverse CHANGE-GEAR CONTROL: Side lever DRIVE: Shaft 224 visits
"Buggyabout," Model C, 14 H.P. Hatfield Motor Vehicle Co., Cortland, N. Y. PRICE: $750 BODY: Piano box convertible to commercial wagon SEATS: 4 persons WEIGHT: 900 pounds WHEEL-BASE: 101 inches TREAD: 56 inches TIRES, FRONT: 38 × 1½ inches TIRES, REAR: 42 × 1½ inches STEERING: Chain and sprocket (patented) BRAKES: 2 on differential sprockets, 2 emergency SPRINGS: Full elliptical FRAME: Wood sill, reinforced by angle iron BORE: 4½ in.; STROKE: 4 in. CYLINDERS: 2 opposed VALVE ARRANGEMENT: Automatic intake; mechanical exhaust MOTOR SUSPENSION: From sills COOLING: Air IGNITION: Jump spark CURRENT SUPPLY: Dry cells CARBURETER: Schebler LUBRICATION: Gravity feed MOTOR-CONTROL: Spark and throttle CLUTCH: None SPEEDS: 3 to 25 miles DRIVE: Friction drive (patented) 209 visits
R & L Stanhope. Rauch and Lang Carriage Co., Cleveland, Ohio PRICE: $1,850 BODY: Stanhope SEATS: 2 persons WEIGHT: 1,600 pounds WHEEL-BASE: 73 inches TIRES, FRONT: 32 in., pneumatic TIRES, REAR: 32 in., pneumatic STEERING: Side lever BRAKES: On rear wheels and emergency SPRINGS: Semi-elliptic front; full elliptic rear FRAME: Steel HORSE-POWER: 1½ MOTOR: Hertner MOTOR SUSPENSION: Under body SPEED: 1–22 m. p. h. DISTANCE: 75 to 80 miles MOTOR-CONTROL: Lever at left of seat DRIVE: Double chain from countershaft 206 visits
Sovereign, Model M. Matthews Motor Co., Camden, N. J. BODY: Side entrance tonneau SEATS: 8 persons WHEEL-BASE: 124 inches TREAD: 56 inches TIRES, FRONT: 36 × 4 inches TIRES, REAR: 36 × 5 inches BRAKES: 2 double internal on rear hubs SPRINGS: Semi-elliptic, front; platform type rear FRAME: Pressed steel BORE: 5½ in.; STROKE: 6 in. CYLINDERS: 4 vertical MOTOR SUSPENSION: From frame COOLING: Water IGNITION Jump spark (double plugs) CURRENT SUPPLY: Magneto and batteries CARBURETER: Automatic LUBRICATION: Mechanical pump MOTOR-CONTROL: Spark and throttle CHANGE GEAR: Sliding type SPEEDS: 4 forward and reverse CHANGE-GEAR CONTROL: Side lever DRIVE: Double side chain 209 visits
Synnestvedt 2-Ton Truck. Synnestvedt Machine Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. BODY: Stake or van CAPACITY: 2 tons WHEEL-BASE: 87 inches TREAD: 52 inches TIRES, FRONT: 36 × 4 in. TIRES, REAR: 36 × 5 in. BRAKES: On rear wheel and driving shaft SPRINGS: Platform FRAME: Channel steel MOTOR: Synnestvedt electric MOTOR SUSPENSION: In rear under body SPEEDS: 4 forward, 2 reverse DRIVE: Chain 237 visits
Hercules, Model 140. James Macnaughtan Co., Buffalo, N. Y. PRICE: $2,350 BODY: Piano box SEATS: 2 or 4 persons CAPACITY: 1,500 pounds WEIGHT: 3,300 pounds TIRES, FRONT: 36 × 3 inches TIRES, REAR: 39 × 3½ inches STEERING: Irreversible type BRAKES: Internal expanding hub SPRINGS: Full elliptic MOTORS: Double equipment MOTOR SUSPENSION: From body MOTOR-CONTROL: Westinghouse SPEEDS: 4 ahead and reverse DRIVE: Double chain 225 visits
Hercules, Model 144. James Macnaughtan Co., Buffalo, N. Y. PRICE: $1,700 BODY: Heavy platform truck CAPACITY: 6,000 pounds WEIGHT: 3,525 pounds WHEEL-BASE: 73½ inches TREAD: 37⅜ inches TIRES, FRONT: 20 × 4 × ⅜ in. steel TIRES, REAR: 20 × 4 × ⅜ in. steel STEERING: Irreversible worm type BRAKES: Electric on motors SPRINGS: No springs MOTORS: Single equipment MOTOR SUSPENSION: From body MOTOR-CONTROL: Westinghouse CHANGE SPEEDS: 3 speeds forward and reverse DRIVE: Double chain 207 visits
Hill Touring Car, 35 H.P. Hill Motor Car Co., Haverhill, Mass. PRICE: $3,000 BODY: Side entrance tonneau SEATS: 5 persons WEIGHT: 2,200 pounds TIRES, FRONT: 32 × 4 inches TIRES, REAR: 32 × 4 inches BRAKES: On rear wheel drums SPRINGS: Full elliptic FRAME: Pressed steel BORE: 4½ in.; STROKE: 5 in. CYLINDERS: 4 vertical cast separately VALVES: Mechanically operated MOTOR SUSPENSION: Direct from frame COOLING: Air IGNITION: Jump spark CURRENT SUPPLY: Storage battery CARBURETER: Float-feed automatic LUBRICATION: Automatic MOTOR-CONTROL: Hand or foot CLUTCH: Multiple disc CHANGE GEAR: Sliding type SPEEDS: 3 forward and reverse CHANGE-GEAR CONTROL: Side lever DRIVE: Bevel gear 232 visits
Hercules, Model 121. James Macnaughtan Co., Buffalo, N. Y. PRICE: $3,200 BODY: Delivery truck CAPACITY: 4,000 pounds WEIGHT: 6,000 pounds WHEEL-BASE: 103 inches TREAD: 72 inches TIRES, FRONT: 36 × 4 inches TIRES, REAR: 38 × 4 inches STEERING: Pinion and sector type BRAKES: Internal expanding hub SPRINGS: Half platform front and rear MOTORS: Double equipment MOTOR SUSPENSION: From body MOTOR-CONTROL: Westinghouse SPEED: 8½ m.p.h. CHANGE SPEEDS: 4 forward and reverse DISTANCE: 38 miles DRIVE: Double chain NOTE: With slight changes in price and specifications these trucks range in capacity up to 10,000 pounds: bodies to order 198 visits
Hercules, Model 128. James Macnaughtan Co., Buffalo, N. Y. PRICE: $4,400 BODY: Stake platform with top CAPACITY: 10,000 pounds WEIGHT: 8,700 pounds WHEEL-BASE: 117 inches TREAD: 83 inches TIRES, FRONT: 36 × 7 inches TIRES, REAR: 36 × 7 inches STEERING: Pinion and sector type BRAKES: Internal expanding hub SPRINGS: Semi-elliptic MOTORS: Double equipment MOTOR SUSPENSION: From body MOTOR-CONTROL: Westinghouse CHANGE SPEEDS: 4 forward and reverse DRIVE: Double chain 204 visits
Hercules, Model 139. James Macnaughtan Co., Buffalo, N. Y. PRICE: $2,250 BODY: Express wagon CAPACITY: 2,000 pounds WEIGHT: 3,200 pounds TIRES, FRONT: 34 × 3½ inches TIRES, REAR: 36 × 4 inches STEERING: Horizontal side lever BRAKES: Internal expanding hub SPRINGS: Front, half platform; rear, full elliptic MOTORS: Single equipment MOTOR SUSPENSION: From body DISTANCE: 50 miles MOTOR-CONTROL: Westinghouse SPEED: 9 m.p.h. CHANGE SPEEDS: 4 speeds ahead and reverse DRIVE: Double chain 225 visits
Hercules, Model 106. James Macnaughtan Co., Buffalo, N. Y. PRICE: $2,350 BODY: Open delivery CAPACITY: 1,500 pounds WEIGHT: 3,500 pounds WHEEL-BASE: 77 inches TREAD: 65 inches TIRES, FRONT: 36 × 3 inches TIRES, REAR: 39 × 3½ inches STEERING: Irreversible type BRAKES: Internal expanding hub SPRINGS: Front, semi-elliptic; rear, half platform MOTORS: Double equipment MOTOR SUSPENSION: From body MOTOR-CONTROL: Westinghouse CHANGE SPEEDS: 4 forward and reverse DRIVE: Double chain 194 visits
Hercules, Model 113. James Macnaughtan Co., Buffalo, N. Y. PRICE: $3,750 BODY: Platform truck CAPACITY: 7,000 pounds WEIGHT: 7,500 pounds WHEEL-BASE: 118 inches TREAD: 70 inches TIRES, FRONT: 36 × 5 inches TIRES, REAR: 38 × 5 inches STEERING: Pinion and sector type BRAKES: Internal expanding hub SPRINGS: Semi-elliptic MOTORS: Double equipment MOTOR SUSPENSION: From body SPEED: 8 m.p.h. MOTOR-CONTROL: Westinghouse DISTANCE: 30 miles CHANGE SPEEDS: 4 forward and reverse DRIVE: Double chain 181 visits
Hercules, Model 120. James Macnaughtan Co., Buffalo, N. Y. PRICE: $1,750 BODY: Delivery wagon (closed) CAPACITY: 1,000 pounds WEIGHT: 2,300 pounds TIRES, FRONT: 34 × 2½ inches TIRES, REAR: 36 × 2½ inches STEERING: Side bar BRAKES: Band brakes on rear axle SPRINGS: Front, elliptic; rear, platform MOTORS: Double equipment MOTOR SUSPENSION: From body MOTOR-CONTROL: Westinghouse SPEEDS: 4 speeds ahead and reverse DRIVE: Double chain 175 visits
Hercules, Model 102. James Macnaughtan Co., Buffalo, N. Y. PRICE: $2,000 BODY: Delivery wagon (closed) CAPACITY: 800 pounds WEIGHT: 2,576 pounds TIRES, FRONT: 34 × 2 inches TIRES, REAR: 36 × 2 inches STEERING: Horizontal side lever BRAKES: Internal expanding hub SPRINGS: Front, half platform; rear, full elliptical MOTORS: Single equipment MOTOR SUSPENSION: From body MOTOR-CONTROL: Westinghouse SPEED: 12 m.p.h. CHANGE SPEEDS: 4 forward and reverse DISTANCE: 40 miles DRIVE: Double chain 190 visits
Hercules, Model 103. James Macnaughtan Co., Buffalo, N. Y. PRICE: $3,000 BODY: Delivery wagon with top CAPACITY: 3,000 pounds WEIGHT: 5,400 pounds WHEEL-BASE: 111 inches TREAD: 65½ inches TIRES, FRONT: 36 × 4 inches TIRES, REAR: 36 × 4 inches STEERING: Irreversible worm type BRAKES: Internal expanding hub SPRINGS: Half platform front and rear MOTORS: Double equipment MOTOR SUSPENSION: From body SPEED: 10 m.p.h. DISTANCE: 45 miles MOTOR-CONTROL: Westinghouse CHANGE SPEEDS: 4 forward and reverse DRIVE: Double chain 201 visits
PRICE: $2,800 BODY: Mercedes SEATS: 5 persons WEIGHT: 2,550 pounds WHEEL-BASE: 111 inches TREAD: 56 inches TIRES, FRONT: 34 × 4 in. TIRES, REAR: 34 × 4 in. STEERING: Worm and nut BRAKES: Double on rear wheels SPRINGS: Front, 40 in. long; Rear, platform type FRAME: Pressed steel BORE: 4½ in.; STROKE: 5 in. CYLINDERS: 4 vertical, cast separate VALVE ARRANGEMENT: Same side MOTOR SUSPENSION: Direct from sub-frame COOLING: Water; cellular radiator IGNITION: Jump spark CURRENT SUPPLY: Storage battery CARBURETER: Schebler LUBRICATION: Force feed MOTOR-CONTROL: Spark and throttle CLUTCH: Cone CHANGE GEAR: Sliding type SPEEDS: 3 forward and reverse CHANGE-GEAR CONTROL: Selective system DRIVE: Shaft 236 visits
Bródy Sándor 177 visits
Marion Model 7, 22–24 H.P. The Marion Motor Car Co., Indianapolis, Ind. PRICE: $2,000 BODY: Runabout SEATS: 2 persons WEIGHT: 1,750 pounds WHEEL-BASE: 100 inches TREAD: 55 inches TIRES, FRONT: 32 × 3½ inches TIRES, REAR: 32 × 3½ inches STEERING: Worm and sector BRAKES: Hub, internal and external SPRINGS: Semi-elliptic front, and full scroll rear FRAME: Pressed steel BORE: 4 in.; STROKE: 4 in. CYLINDERS: 4 separate VALVE ARRANGEMENT: Opposite sides MOTOR SUSPENSION: From side members of main frame COOLING: Water IGNITION: High-tension CURRENT SUPPLY: Storage battery CARBURETER: Schebler or Holley LUBRICATION: Force feed MOTOR-CONTROL: Spark and throttle CLUTCH: Multiple disc CHANGE GEAR: "Hassler" SPEEDS: 2 forward and reverse CHANGE-GEAR CONTROL: Side lever DRIVE: Shaft 227 visits
Wolfe, Model A, 24 H.P. H. E. Wilcox Motor Car Company, Minneapolis, Minn. PRICE: $1,800 BODY: Side entrance, rear seat removable SEATS: 5 persons WEIGHT: 1,900 pounds WHEEL-BASE: 108 inches TREAD: 56 inches TIRES, FRONT: 34 × 3½ inches TIRES, REAR: 34 × 3½ inches STEERING: Worm and sector BRAKES: On rear hubs SPRINGS: Full elliptic FRAME: Pressed steel BORE: 4 in.; STROKE: 4 in. CYLINDERS: 4 vertical, tandem MOTOR SUSPENSION: On sub-frame COOLING: Air IGNITION: Jump spark CURRENT SUPPLY: Battery CARBURETER: Float-feed LUBRICATION: Mechanical force feed MOTOR-CONTROL: Spark and throttle CLUTCH: Cone CHANGE GEAR: Sliding type SPEEDS: 3 forward and reverse CHANGE-GEAR CONTROL: Side lever DRIVE: Side chain NOTE: Runabout body fitted to above chassis for a list of $1,700. Light delivery body also furnished on order. 249 visits
"Buggyabout," Model C, 14 H.P. Hatfield Motor Vehicle Co., Cortland, N. Y. PRICE: $750 BODY: Piano box convertible to commercial wagon SEATS: 4 persons WEIGHT: 900 pounds WHEEL-BASE: 101 inches TREAD: 56 inches TIRES, FRONT: 38 × 1½ inches TIRES, REAR: 42 × 1½ inches STEERING: Chain and sprocket (patented) BRAKES: 2 on differential sprockets, 2 emergency SPRINGS: Full elliptical FRAME: Wood sill, reinforced by angle iron BORE: 4½ in.; STROKE: 4 in. CYLINDERS: 2 opposed VALVE ARRANGEMENT: Automatic intake; mechanical exhaust MOTOR SUSPENSION: From sills COOLING: Air IGNITION: Jump spark CURRENT SUPPLY: Dry cells CARBURETER: Schebler LUBRICATION: Gravity feed MOTOR-CONTROL: Spark and throttle CLUTCH: None SPEEDS: 3 to 25 miles DRIVE: Friction drive (patented) 300 visits
Aurora, Model "A," 14–16 H.P. Aurora Motor Works, North Aurora, Ill. PRICE: $650 BODY: Runabout body SEATS: 2 passengers WEIGHT: 1,000 pounds WHEEL-BASE: 80 inches TREAD: 56 inches TIRES, FRONT: 34 × 2 inches TIRES, REAR: 34 × 2 inches STEERING: Wheel steer; pinion gear BRAKES: Rear hub band brakes and transmission brakes SPRINGS: Half elliptical, front; full elliptical, rear FRAME: Angle steel BORE: 4½ in.; STROKE: 4 in. CYLINDERS: Double opposed horizontal, under hood VALVE ARRANGEMENT: Inlet and exhaust on opposite sides of motor MOTOR SUSPENSION: 3 point suspension COOLING: Water; triangular tube special radiator; thermo-siphon IGNITION: Jump spark CURRENT SUPPLY: Dry batteries CARBURETER: Holly LUBRICATION: Automatic force feed MOTOR-CONTROL: Spark and throttle on steering column CLUTCH: Cone CHANGE GEAR: Planetary transmission SPEEDS: 2 forward and 1 reverse CHANGE-GEAR CONTROL: Side lever DRIVE: Shaft driven 288 visits
Waltham-Orient, Model B R., 4 H.P. Waltham Mfg. Co., Waltham, Mass. PRICE: $400 BODY: Runabout SEATS: 2 persons WEIGHT: 600 pounds WHEEL-BASE: 80 inches TREAD: 42 inches TIRES, FRONT: 26 × 2½ in. TIRES, REAR: 26 × 2½ in. STEERING: Tiller BRAKES: On rear hubs SPRINGS: Elliptical front and rear FRAME: Wood BORE: 3¼ in.; STROKE: 4¼ in. CYLINDERS: One in back VALVE ARRANGEMENT: Automatic inlet; mechanical exhaust MOTOR SUSPENSION: Rear on side members of frame COOLING: Air IGNITION: Jump spark CURRENT SUPPLY: Dry battery CARBURETER: Orient LUBRICATION: Oil pump MOTOR-CONTROL: Throttle and spark CLUTCH: Friction CHANGE GEAR: Friction SPEEDS: 5 forward, 2 reverse CHANGE-GEAR CONTROL: Side lever DRIVE: Friction drive NOTE: Furnished with 2 cylinder motor for $50 extra. 221 visits
Albany Run-a-bout, Model 2, 4–6 H. P. Albany Automobile Co., Albany, Ind. PRICE: $300; with top BODY: Piano box SEATS: 2 persons WEIGHT: 500 pounds WHEEL-BASE: 62 inches TREAD: 52 inches TIRES, FRONT: 30 × 1¼ in., solid TIRES, REAR: 32 × 1¼ in., solid STEERING: Hand lever or tiller BRAKES: Foot brake on transmission SPRINGS: Full elliptic FRAME: Angle steel BORE: 4½ in.; STROKE: 4 in. CYLINDERS: 1, vertical, in front VALVE ARRANGEMENT: 3 port, side valves MOTOR SUSPENSION: From side members of frame COOLING: Water; pump IGNITION: Jump spark CURRENT SUPPLY: Dry battery CARBURETER: Universal; automatic mixture regulation LUBRICATION: Sight feed pressure MOTOR-CONTROL: Spark and throttle TRANSMISSION: Friction CHANGE SPEEDS: Slide of friction disk SPEEDS: 2 to 10 miles and reverse CHANGE-SPEED CONTROL: Side lever DRIVE: Center chain on differential sprocket 273 visits
Maid putting shoe on while young lady looks in mirror 198 visits
Image 6826 143 visits
The Train Ferry carries entire trains across rivers where there are no bridges. Some of the largest train boats have several tracks and carry a train on each. The boats are tied in slips at the shore so that the tracks meet exactly those on the land. 187 visits
An observation train is often made up to follow the great college boat races, where the railroad runs along the river bank. Flat cars are used with seats fixed on them for the spectators. 250 visits
The Round House is the place where the railroad engines are kept when they are not working. The engines are turned around on a big turn table so each can be run on the different tracks which all lead to the turn-table in the centre. 179 visits
The Fire Alarm is sounded by a big gong in the station from street alarm boxes near where the fire occurs. The firemen know these alarm stations so well that they seldom look for the address, but dash off quickly to the correct place. 237 visits
The Hoze nozzle has been taken up to the roof of a building next the one afire and the firemen are sending the water into the upper floors of the burning building. The hose nozzle is very difficult for the firemen to hold. 237 visits
The brave fireman rescues many people who are caught in burning buildings, in this way risking his life that others may be saved from the smoke and flames. Many people owe their lives to the bravery of the firemen. 221 visits
The Automobile Fire Engine can go to the fires very swiftly. Many times the saving of a few minutes by the firemen in reaching a fire means stopping the blaze before it becomes too great. 109 visits
Whole Blood Transfusion with Kimpton’s Tube. The principle of this method depends upon the use of paraffin wax as a coating for the vessel into which the blood is drawn, so that clotting is prevented or greatly delayed. The form of the vessel has been modified by different workers, but the essentials are the same in each. One form of the apparatus, known as the Kimpton-Brown tube, is illustrated in the accompanying diagram. It consists of a graduated glass cylinder, of about 700 cc. capacity, the lower end of which is drawn out into a cannula point at an acute angle with the body of the cylinder; the point is of a size convenient for introducing into a vein and its bore large enough to allow of a free flow of blood through it. Near the upper end is a side tube to which a rubber tube can be attached, and an opening at the top is closed by a rubber bung. An ordinary rubber double-bulb bellows is the only other apparatus that is needed. 264 visits
When the donor’s arm has been congested by gripping it above the elbow, or better by the application of a tourniquet drawn to the requisite degree of tightness, a suitable vein, usually the median basilic, is chosen. The area of puncture is washed with ether and a very small quantity, 2 to 3 minims, of 2 per cent. novocain is introduced over the vein with a hypodermic syringe. If a larger quantity is used, the vein may become obscured, but this small amount may be dispersed by a few moments’ pressure with the finger, and is usually enough to anæsthetize the very small area of skin that is to be operated upon. A tiny cut in the skin is then made with the point of a scalpel, and the needle is pushed through into the vein. 219 visits
A more general interest in the subject was revived in England by the work of James Blundell, lecturer on physiology and midwifery at St. Thomas’s and Guy’s Hospitals. He published in 1818 his earliest paper on experimental transfusion with a special form of syringe invented by himself. His first apparatus consisted of a funnel-shaped receptacle for the blood, connected by a two-way tap with a syringe from which the blood was injected through a tube and cannula into the recipient. His experiments were[11] performed upon dogs, and he began by drawing blood from the femoral artery and re-injecting it into the same animal through the femoral vein. He then conducted a long series of investigations into the properties of blood, the effects of its withdrawal, and the resuscitation of an exsanguinated animal. Soon he had opportunities of transfusing patients with human blood, and the results are recorded in his paper of 1824. His apparatus had by then been elaborated, and an engraving of his Impellor, as he termed it, is reproduced here. It consisted as before of a funnel-shaped receptacle for the blood, but the syringe was now incorporated in one side of the funnel, and contained a complicated system of spring valves, which caused the blood to travel along the delivery tube when the piston was pushed down. The Impellor was fixed to the back of a chair in order to give it stability. 207 visits
Throw to first 314 visits
The Umpire 272 visits
The Manager of the team 274 visits
The Crowd went wild 260 visits
Swing and a miss 274 visits
Signaling from the dugout 261 visits
Misjudged the ball 268 visits
Looks like a home run 250 visits
Waiting to bat 267 visits
Turning an error into an out 233 visits
Trying to steal home 235 visits
He missed the catch 249 visits

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