Digestive and Urinary apparatus
Digestive Apparatus of the Horse 1. Mouth. 2. Pharynx. 3. Œsophagus. 4. Diaphragm. 5. Spleen. 6. Stomach (left sac). 7. Duodenum. 8. Liver (upper extremity). 9. Great colon. 10. Cæcum. 11. Small intestine. 12. Floating colon. 13. Rectum. 14. Anus. 15. Left kidney and ureter. 16. Bladder. 17. Urethra. a. Hard palate. b. Tongue. c. Soft palate. d. Trachea. e. Pulmonary artery (divided). f. Heart. g. Posterior aorta.
Diagram of a Lobule of the Liver
Diagram of a Lobule of the Liver divided vertically through its Axis. In its centre is a space, the intralobular vein, through which the blood falls into a branch of the hepatic vein, on its way to the heart. An interlobular branch of the portal vein, which brings the blood from the digestive organs, pours it by many smaller vessels over the surface of the lobule. It filters into the lobule through innumerable pseudo-capillary vessels, or spaces, between the radiating columns of liver-cells. Arterial blood is brought to the lobule by a twig of the hepatic artery. Bile is drained away from it by an affluent of the hepatic duct. In the lower part of the diagram seven liver-cells are shown, forming a divided column, magnified about 300 diameters. The cells are loaded with glycogen, and contain minute globules of fat. Red blood-corpuscles and two leucocytes are seen between the columns of liver-cells. One of the leucocytes has ingested two blood-corpuscles.
Diagram showing the Relative Positions of the Organs of the Chest and Abdomen.
The ribs from the first to the tenth have been cut across in the lateral line. The eleventh and twelfth ribs do not reach sufficiently far forwards to be cut. With the exception of a short segment near its junction with the ascending colon, the small intestine has been removed. The trachea is seen to divide into bronchi beneath the arch of the aorta. The right lung has three, the left two lobes. The kidneys are situated behind all the other viscera. On their upper ends rest the two suprarenal capsules. The lower edge of the right lobe of the liver follows closely the line of the ribs and costal cartilages. Below the left lobe of the liver the stomach comes to the anterior abdominal wall. The transverse colon (large intestine) comes to the anterior wall below the stomach. Below the latter the wall is in contact chiefly with coils of small intestine. The vermiform appendix rests on the posterior wall. Spleen and pancreas are not shown in the diagram.
Highly Magnified Section through the Wall of a Circumvallate Papilla of the Tongue, showing Two Taste-Bulbs.
These sense-organs are groups of elongated epithelial cells, set vertically to the surface. Their cells are of two kinds—the one fusiform, slender, bearing each a bristle-like process which projects through a minute pore left between the superficial cells of the general epithelium; the other thicker and wedge-shaped. Nerve-fibres are connected with the fusiform cells.