2021 »
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
All
- A Positive Organ
- Saxon Pneumatic Organ
The organ, already introduced into divine service, became, under the hands of St. Dunstan, a large and important instrument. William of Malmesbury says that Dunstan gave many to churches which had pipes of brass and were inflated with bellows. In a MS. psalter in Trinity College, Cambridge, is a picture of one of considerable size, which has no less than four bellows played by four men. [Comment on the same picture in book Musical Instruments, by Carl Engel Published in 1875 and Available from gutenberg.org] Some progress in the construction of the organ is exhibited in an illustration dating from the twelfth century, in a psalter of Eadwine, in the library of Trinity college, Cambridge. The instrument has ten pipes, or perhaps fourteen, as four of them appear to be double pipes. It required four men exerting all their power to produce the necessary wind, and two men to play the instrument. Moreover, both players seem also to be busily engaged in directing the blowers about the proper supply of wind. Six men and only fourteen pipes! It must be admitted that since the twelfth century some progress has been made, at all events, in the construction of the organ. - French Garrison Gun
French Garrison Gun (1650-1700). The gun is on a sloping wooden platform at the embrasure. Note the heavy bed on which the cheeks of the carriage rest and the built-in skid under the center of the rear axletree. - Light Artillery of Gustavus Adolphus
Gustavus abandoned the leather gun, however, in favor of a cast-iron 4-pounder and a 9-pounder demiculverin produced by his bright young artillery chief, Lennart Torstensson. The demiculverin was classed as the "feildpeece" par excellence, while the 4-pounder was so light (about 500 pounds) that two horses could pull it in the field. - breechloader
Under the Swedish warrior Gustavus Adolphus, artillery began to take its true position on the field of battle. Gustavus saw the need for mobility, so he divorced anything heavier than a 12-pounder from his field artillery. His famous "leatheren" gun was so light that it could be drawn and served by two men. This gun was a wrought-copper tube screwed into a chambered brass breech, bound with four iron hoops. The copper tube was covered with layers of mastic, wrapped firmly with cords, then coated with an equalizing layer of plaster. A cover of leather, boiled and varnished, completed the gun. Naturally, the piece could withstand only a small charge, but it was highly mobile. - trebuchet
The trebuchet was another war machine used extensively during the Middle Ages. Essentially, it was a seesaw. Weights on the short arm swung the long throwing arm. - Catapult
The catapult was the howitzer, or mortar, of its day and could throw a hundred-pound stone 600 yards in a high arc to strike the enemy behind his wall or batter down his defenses. "In the middle of the ropes a wooden arm rises like a chariot pole," wrote the historian Marcellinus. "At the top of the arm hangs a sling. When battle is commenced, a round stone is set in the sling. Four soldiers on each side of the engine wind the arm down until it is almost level with the ground. When the arm is set free, it springs up and hurls the stone forth from its sling." In early times the weapon was called a "scorpion," for like this dreaded insect it bore its "sting" erect. - Ballista - Caesar covered his landing in Britain with fire from catapults and ballistas.
The ballista had horizontal arms like a bow. The arms were set in rope; a cord, fastened to the arms like a bowstring, fired arrows, darts, and stones. Like a modern field gun, the ballista shot low and directly toward the enemy. - Bookcases in the library of the University of Leiden
Another device for combining desk with shelf is to be seen at Trinity Hall, Cambridge, and, as these cases were set up after 1626, we have here a curious instance of a deliberate return to ancient forms. There is evidence that there once existed below the shelf a second desk, which could be drawn in and out as required, so that a reader could stand or sit as he pleased, as you will see from the next illustration. The University of Leiden in Holland adopted a modification of this design, for there the shelf is above the desk, and readers could only stand to use the books - Using Bells phone
- Twine phones
The string telephones which for several years have been flooding the boulevards and the streets of the different cities of Europe, and whose invention dates back, as we have seen, to the year 1667, are very interesting apparatuses by them themselves, and we are astonished that they did not appear rather in the physics cabinets. They consist of cylindrical-conical tubes of metal or cardboard, one end of which is closed by a stretched membrane of parchment, in the center of which is fixed by a knot the string or cord intended to bring them together. When two tubes of this kind are thus joined together and that the wire is tight, as shown, it suffices for a person to apply one of these tubes against the ear and for another person to speak very close to the opening of the other tube, so that all the words spoken by the latter are immediately transmitted to the other, and one can even converse in this manner in an almost low voice. - Black Bear
Black Bear - Mountain lion
Mountain lion - Dog Sleeping
Dog Sleeping - Greek Figure
- Anglo-Saxon dress
A somewhat remarkable feature of Anglo-Saxon dress of the eighth century was the long super-tunic with long sleeves, worn in travelling or during cold weather. The sleeves not only cover the hands, but reach considerably below the tips of the fingers. - Miracle
- Horned Head-dress Beatrice, Countess of Arundel, 1439
- Hunifer
- Priest
The illustration shows a priest wearing nothing but a loin cloth and a leopard skin. - Greek Figure
From Hope's "Costume of the Ancients." With the Greeks the tunic was the principal article of attire. It was worn next to the skin, and was of a light tissue. In the earlier time it was composed of wool, in later periods of flax, and in the latest periods it was either of flax mixed with silk or of pure silk. The illustration given will serve to show its construction. It was a simple square bag, open at the two ends, made sufficiently wide to admit of the folds being ample, and sufficiently long to allow of its being gathered up about the waist and breasts. It was kept in its place by various means, either by a simple girdle round the waist or by cords drawn crosswise between the breasts, over the shoulders, looped at the back, and again drawn round the waist, or by an arrangement of cords or ribbons drawn over each shoulder and attached to the girdle. - Toga
From Hope's "Costume of the Ancients." The material of the toga was wool, in the earlier time and for the common people; afterwards silk and other materials were used, coloured or bordered according to the `rank` or station of the wearer. - Paris on Mount Ida
An illustration is given, from Hope's "Costume of the Ancients," of Paris on Mount Ida, in which he is figured as wearing a closely fitting garment which covers the whole body and limbs, being buttoned all the way up the legs and arms; a short tunic, also buttoned up the front, being worn over this dress - Anglo Saxon Retainer
- Tunic
The earliest made-up garment, that in which the art of the tailor was called into play, was doubtless a simple bag, more or less closely fitting to the body and of varying length, with holes for the arms and an opening for the neck. Such a primitive garment has been worn in varying forms at all periods of the world's history, and is in use at the present time in the form of the ordinary singlet. The modern singlet is, in fact, the simple, primeval type of the tunic. - Three Person Frame
Use this if you need to put headshots of three people in a project - Black Persian 'Minnie'
Black Persian 'Minnie' - Archangel Blue Cat
Archangel Blue Cat - a white Persian - Muff
a white Persian - Muff - Young Persian Kitten
Young Persian Kitten - Wild Cat shown at the Crystal Palace Cat Show, 1871
Wild Cat shown at the Crystal Palace Cat Show, 1871 - White Persian 'Tim'
White Persian 'Tim' - White Persian 'Miss Whitey'
White Persian 'Miss Whitey' - White Persian - 'Lambkin 2'
White Persian - 'Lambkin 2' - White Cat, winner of many prizes
White Cat, winner of many prizes - White cat - prize winner in 1879
White cat - prize winner in 1879 - White Angora
White Angora - Well-marked Silver Black-banded Tabby
Well-marked Silver Black-banded Tabby - very Light Blue Tabby, 'Sylvie'.
very Light Blue Tabby, 'Sylvie'. - Unusual Long Haired Cat
Unusual Long Haired Cat - Tortoiseshell-and-white Cat, finely marked
Tortoiseshell-and-white Cat, finely marked - Tortoise Shell Manx
Tortoise Shell Manx - Tired of play
Tired of play - 'Tiger'
'Tiger' - 'The old Lady' - Silver Tabby
'The old Lady' - Silver Tabby - 'The Colonel' - White Persian
'The Colonel' - White Persian - Tabby Manx kitten
Tabby Manx kitten - 'Sylvie'
'Sylvie' - Spotted Tabby Half-bred Indian Wild Cat
Spotted Tabby Half-bred Indian Wild Cat - Spotted Silver Tabby
Spotted Silver Tabby - Siamese, winner of many prizes
Siamese, winner of many prizes - Siamese winner of many prizes
Siamese winner of many prizes - Properly Marked Siamese
Properly Marked Siamese - Properly marked black and white cat
Properly marked black and white cat - Prize winning siamese
Prize winning siamese - Preperly Marked Black and White
Preperly Marked Black and White - Persian Kitten 'Lambkin'
Persian Kitten 'Lambkin' - Mr. Smith's Tortoiseshell He-Cat
Mr. Smith's Tortoiseshell He-Cat - Long Haired Persian
Long Haired Persian - Long Haired Persian 'Bogey'
Long Haired Persian 'Bogey'