- Time-chart 6000 B.C. to A.D.
Time-chart 6000 B.C. to A.D. - The Sub-Man Pithecanthropus
Possible Appearance of the Sub-man Pithecanthropus. The face, jaws, and teeth are mere guess work. The creature may have been much less human looking than this. - Some Oligocene Mammals
Some Oligocene Mammals - Restoration of a Lake Dwelling
One fruitful source of knowledge about Neolithic life comes from Switzerland, and was first revealed by the very dry winter of 1854, when the water level of one of the lakes, sinking to an unheard-of lowness, revealed the foundations of prehistoric pile dwellings of the Neolithic and early Bronze Ages, built out over the water after the fashion of similar homes that exist to-day in Celebes and elsewhere. Not only were the timbers of those ancient platforms preserved, but a great multitude of wooden, bone, stone, and earthenware utensils and ornaments, remains of food and the like, were found in the peaty accumulations below them. Even pieces of net and garments have been recovered. Similar lake dwellings existed in Scotland, Ireland, and elsewhere—there are well-known remains at Glastonbury in Somersetshire; in Ireland lake dwellings were inhabited from prehistoric times up to the days when O’Neil of Tyrone was fighting against the English before the plantation of Scotch colonists to replace the Irish in Ulster in the reign of James I of England. These lake villages had considerable defensive value, and there was a sanitary advantage in living over flowing water. - Reindeer Age Engravings and Carvings
Reindeer Age Engravings and Carvings - Reindeer Age Articles
Reindeer Age Articles - Pottery from Lake Dwellings
The milk, if they did use it (and, no doubt, in that case sour curdled milk also, but not well-made cheese and butter), they must have kept in earthenware pots, for they had pottery, though it was roughly hand-made pottery and not the shapely product of the potter’s wheel. - Neolithic Implements
Finally, perhaps as early as 3000 years ago in Europe, and even{v1-107} earlier in Asia Minor, men began to smelt iron. Once smelting was known to men, there is no great marvel in the finding of iron. They smelted iron by blowing up a charcoal fire, and wrought it by heating and hammering. They produced it at first in comparatively small pieces; its appearance worked a gradual revolution{v1-108} in weapons and implements; but it did not suffice to change the general character of men’s surroundings. Much the same daily life that was being led by the more settled Neolithic men 10,000 years ago was being led by peasants in out-of-the-way places all over Europe at the beginning of the eighteenth century. People talk of the Stone Age, the Bronze Age, and the Iron Age in Europe, but it is misleading to put these ages as if they were of equal importance in history. Much truer is it to say that there was: (1) An Early Palæolithic Age, of vast duration; (2) a Later Palæolithic Age, that lasted not a tithe of the time; and (3) the Age of Cultivation, the age of the white men in Europe, which began 10,000 or at most 12,000 years ago, of which the Neolithic Period was the beginning, and which is still going on. - Neanderthal Man
They probably used a multitude and variety of wooden implements also; they had probably learnt much about the shapes of objects and the use of different shapes from wood, knowledge which they afterwards applied to stone; but none of this wooden material has survived; we can only speculate about its forms and uses. As the weather hardened to its maximum of severity, the Neanderthal men, already it would seem acquainted with the use of fire, began to seek shelter under rock ledges and in caves—and so leave remains behind them. Hitherto they had been accustomed to squat in the open about the fire, and near their water supply. But they were sufficiently intelligent to adapt themselves to the new and harder conditions. - Miocene Mammals
The Miocene (with living species still in a minority) was the great age of mountain building, and the general temperature was falling. - Map of Europe 50,000 Years Ago
Possible Map of Europe 50,000 Years Ago - Hut Urns
Hut urns, the first probably representing a lake-dwelling.... After Lubbock. - Hesperornis
Reptilian, wingless, water bird - Early Stone Implements
Early Stone Implements The Mousterian Age implements, and all above it, are those of Neanderthal men or, possibly in the case of the rostro-carinates, of sub-men. The lower row (Reindeer Age) are the work of true men. The student should compare this diagram with the time diagram attached to Chapter VII, § 6, and he should note the relatively large size of the pre-human implements. - Early Pleistocene Animals, Contemporary with Earliest Man
Geologists make certain main divisions of the Cainozoic period, and it will be convenient to name them here and to indicate their climate. First comes the Eocene (dawn of recent life), an age of exceptional warmth in the world’s history, subdivided into an older and newer Eocene; then the Oligocene (but little of recent life), in which the climate was still equable. The Miocene (with living species still in a minority) was the great age of mountain building, and the general temperature was falling. In the Pliocene (more living than extinct species), climate was very much at its present phase; but with the Pleistocene (a great majority of living species) there set in a long period of extreme conditions—it was the Great Ice Age. - Diagram to Illustrate the Riddle of The Piltdown Sub-man.
Diagram to Illustrate the Riddle of The Piltdown Sub-man. - Diagram Showing the Duration of the Neolithic Period
Diagram Showing the Duration of the Neolithic Period - Cro-magnon Man
In the grotto of Cro-Magnon it was that complete skeletons of one main type of these Newer Palæolithic men, these true men, were first found, and so it is that they are spoken of as Cro-Magnards. - Bronze Age Implements
Bronze Age Implements - Australian Lung Fish
- Life in the Later Palæozoic Age
Life is creeping out of the water. An insect like a dragon fly is shown. There were amphibia like gigantic newts and salamanders, and even primitive reptiles in these swamps. - Life in the Early Palæozoic
Note its general resemblance, except for size, to the microscopic summer ditch-water life of to-day. - Some Reptiles of the Late Paleozoic Age
- Some Mesozoic Reptiles
Some Mesozoic Reptiles - Some Late Mesozoic Reptiles
- Pterodactyls
- Skulls of Horned Dinosaurs
Skulls of Horned Dinosaurs. The lower row, Ceratops, Styracosaurus, Monoclonius, are from the Middle Cretacic (Belly River formation) of Alberta; Anchiceratops is from the Upper Cretacic (Edmonton formation) of Alberta; Triceratops and Torosaurus from the uppermost Cretacic (Lance formation) of Wyoming. - Skeleton of Tyrannosaurus in comparison with human skeleton
This animal probably reached the maximum of size and of development of teeth and claws of which its type of animal mechanism was capable. Its bulk precluded quickness and agility. It must have been designed to attack and prey upon the ponderous and slow moving Horned and Armored Dinosaurs with which its remains are found, and whose massive cuirass and weapons of defense are well matched with its teeth and claws. The momentum of its huge body involved a seemingly slow and lumbering action, an inertia of its movements, difficult to start and difficult to shift or to stop. - Outline sketch restoration of Triceratops
Outline sketch restoration of Triceratops, from the mounted skeleton in the National Museum. - Outline Restorations of Dinosaurs
Outline Restorations of Dinosaurs - Hind Feet of Dinosaurs
Hind Feet of Dinosaurs, to show the three chief types (Theropoda, Orthopoda, Sauropoda) - The Largest Known Dinosaur
The Largest Known Dinosaur. Sketch reconstruction of Brachiosaurus, from specimens in the Field Museum in Chicago, and the Natural History Museum in Berlin. - Skulls of Iguanodont and Trachodont Dinosaurs
Skulls of Iguanodont and Trachodont Dinosaurs - Skulls of Dinosaurs, illustrating the principal types
Skulls of Dinosaurs, illustrating the principal types - Flying dinosaurs - Pteranodon
- Flying dinosaurs - Rhamphorhynchus
- Fossil Identificaton Chart - I Radial Symmetry
- Fossil Identificaton Chart - II Bilateral Symmetry
- Fossil collecting Equipment
- Cenozoic mammals - Woolly Mammothjpg
- Cenozoic mammals - Woolly Rhinoceros
- Cotylosaur
- Cretaceous cephalopods
- Dendrites—a typical pseudofossil
- Bilateral symmetry in fossil brachiopod
- Cenozoic mammals - Canis Dirus
- Cenozoic mammals - Dinobastis
- Cenozoic mammals - Entelodont
- Cenozoic mammals - Glyptodon
- Cenozoic mammals - Mylodonjpg
- Cenozoic mammals - Pliohippus
- Two extinct attached echinoderms
- Types of symmetry in a fossil coral
- Typical Pennsylvanian crinoidal limestone
- Typical Texas Foraminifera
- Typical modern crinoid
- Typical radiolarians
- Swimming Reptiles - Ichthyossaur
- Swimming Reptiles - Mosasaur
- Swimming Reptiles - Plesiosaur