- Pariasaurus - An Extinct Vegetarian Triassic Reptile
Total length about 9 feet. (Remains found in Cape Colony, South Africa.) - Pterodactyls
- Prehistoric carving of the Mammoth
Incised upon a piece of mammoth ivory, are outlines of the mammoth itself. The original, rather more than nine inches in length, is at Paris in the museum of the Jardin des plantes. - Life in the Later Palæozoic Age
Life is creeping out of the water. An insect like a dragon fly is shown. There were amphibia like gigantic newts and salamanders, and even primitive reptiles in these swamps. - The Saurian Age
- The Missourium of Koch, from a Tracing of the Figure Illustrating Koch's Description
- Australian Lung Fish
- Some Reptiles of the Late Paleozoic Age
- Hesperornis, the Great Toothed Diver
- Drawing of the skull and lower jaw of the Meritherium, discovered by Dr. Andrews in the Upper Eocene of the Fayum Desert.
Drawing of the skull and lower jaw of the Meritherium, discovered by Dr. Andrews in the Upper Eocene of the Fayum Desert. The shape of the skull and proportions of face and jaw are like those of an ordinary hoofed mammal such as the pig; but the cheek-teeth are similar to those of the Mastodon, and whilst the full complement of teeth is present in the front of the upper jaw, we can distinguish the big tusk-like incisor which alone survives on each side in Palæomastodon, Mastodon, and the elephants, as the great pair of tusks. - Hesperornis
Reptilian, wingless, water bird - The gigantic three-horned Reptile, Triceratops
The gigantic three-horned Reptile, Triceratops, as large as an Elephant, found in Jurassic strata in North America. A model of the skeleton may be seen in the Natural History Museum in London. - The Track of a Three-toed Dinosaur
The Track of a Three-toed Dinosaur - Some Late Mesozoic Reptiles
- Thespesius, a Common Herbivorous Dinosaur of the Cretaceous
- Life in the Early Palæozoic
Note its general resemblance, except for size, to the microscopic summer ditch-water life of to-day. - Map of Europe 50,000 Years Ago
Possible Map of Europe 50,000 Years Ago - Archæopteryx
- Skeleton of Triceratops
- Restoration of under side of a trilobite
Restoration of under side of a trilobite (Triarthrus becki), the trunk limbs bearing small triangular respiratory lobes or gills.—After Beecher. - Cro-magnon Man
In the grotto of Cro-Magnon it was that complete skeletons of one main type of these Newer Palæolithic men, these true men, were first found, and so it is that they are spoken of as Cro-Magnards. - Head of the ancestral elephant
Head of the ancestral elephant—Palæomastodon—as it appeared in life. It shows, as compared with the earlier ancestor, an elongation both of the snout and the lower jaws. The tusk in the upper jaw has increased in size, but is still small as compared with that of later elephants. (After a drawing by Prof. Osborne.) - Koch's Hydrarchus. Composed of Portions of the Skeletons of Several Zeuglodons
One might think that a creature sixty or seventy feet long was amply long enough, but Dr. Albert Koch thought otherwise, and did with Zeuglodon as, later on, he did with the Mastodon, combining the vertebræ of several individuals until he had a monster 114 feet long! This he exhibited in Europe under the name of Hydrarchus, or water king, finally disposing of the composite creature to the Museum of Dresden, where it was promptly reduced to its proper dimensions. The natural make-up of Zeuglodon is sufficiently composite without any aid from man, for the head and paddles are not unlike those of a seal, the ribs are like those of a manatee, and the shoulder blades are precisely like those of a whale, while the vertebræ are different from those of any other animal, even its own cousin and lesser contemporary Dorudon - Head of the early ancestor of elephants
Head of the early ancestor of elephants—Meritherium—as it appeared in life. Observe the absence of a trunk and the enlarged front tooth in the upper jaw, which is converted in later members of the elephant-stock or line of descent into the great tusk. (After a drawing by Prof. Osborne.) - Early Pleistocene Animals, Contemporary with Earliest Man
Geologists make certain main divisions of the Cainozoic period, and it will be convenient to name them here and to indicate their climate. First comes the Eocene (dawn of recent life), an age of exceptional warmth in the world’s history, subdivided into an older and newer Eocene; then the Oligocene (but little of recent life), in which the climate was still equable. The Miocene (with living species still in a minority) was the great age of mountain building, and the general temperature was falling. In the Pliocene (more living than extinct species), climate was very much at its present phase; but with the Pleistocene (a great majority of living species) there set in a long period of extreme conditions—it was the Great Ice Age. - Carvings
Carvings in Ivory (1 and 3–7) and in Stone of Cavern Walls (2), made by the Hunters of the Middle Stone Age - Tooth of Mastodon and of Mammoth
- A Single Vertebra of Brontosaurus
- A Hind Leg of the Great Brontosaurus, the Largest of the Dinosaurs
- The Development of the Horse
- Time-chart 6000 B.C. to A.D.
Time-chart 6000 B.C. to A.D. - The Three Giants, Phororhacos, Moa, Ostrich
- Young Hoactzins
- Skull of Ceratosaurus
- Skeleton of the Mammoth in the Royal Museum of St. Petersburg
- Skeleton of the Modern Horse and of His Eocene Ancestor
- The Mammoth as Engraved by a Primitive Artist on a Piece of Mammoth Tusk
- The Horned Ceratosaurus, a Carnivorous Dinosaur
- Some Oligocene Mammals
Some Oligocene Mammals - Neolithic Implements
Finally, perhaps as early as 3000 years ago in Europe, and even{v1-107} earlier in Asia Minor, men began to smelt iron. Once smelting was known to men, there is no great marvel in the finding of iron. They smelted iron by blowing up a charcoal fire, and wrought it by heating and hammering. They produced it at first in comparatively small pieces; its appearance worked a gradual revolution{v1-108} in weapons and implements; but it did not suffice to change the general character of men’s surroundings. Much the same daily life that was being led by the more settled Neolithic men 10,000 years ago was being led by peasants in out-of-the-way places all over Europe at the beginning of the eighteenth century. People talk of the Stone Age, the Bronze Age, and the Iron Age in Europe, but it is misleading to put these ages as if they were of equal importance in history. Much truer is it to say that there was: (1) An Early Palæolithic Age, of vast duration; (2) a Later Palæolithic Age, that lasted not a tithe of the time; and (3) the Age of Cultivation, the age of the white men in Europe, which began 10,000 or at most 12,000 years ago, of which the Neolithic Period was the beginning, and which is still going on. - Diagram to Illustrate the Riddle of The Piltdown Sub-man.
Diagram to Illustrate the Riddle of The Piltdown Sub-man. - Skull of Phororhacos Compared with that of the Race-horse Lexington
- Bronze Age Implements
Bronze Age Implements - Leg of a Horse Compared with that of the Giant Moa
- Cenozoic mammals - Canis Dirus
- The Toxodon
The skeleton of a gigantic extinct rat-like animal - the Toxodon - from the Argentine, South America. Length from the snout to the tail, nine feet. - Machairodus, the Sabre-toothed Tiger
- Great Extinct Bul
Skull of the great extinct Bull, the Bos primigenius, or the Urus, or Aurochs. The measurement from one horn tip to the other taken round the curves, was in some cases eight feet. The Urus stood in rare instances as much as seven feet at the shoulder; a fair-sized elephant stands nine feet. - Mammoth
- Flying dinosaurs - Pteranodon
- Sketch of a coprolite—fossilized animal excrement
Coprolites are fossil dung or body waste. These objects can provide valuable information as to the food habits or anatomical structure of the animal that made them. - Sketch of a gastrolith—the gizzard stone of an ancient reptile
These highly polished well-rounded stones (gastrolith) are believed to have been used in the stomachs of reptiles for grinding the food into smaller pieces. Large numbers of these “stomach stones” have been found with the remains of certain types of dinosaurs. - Dendrites—a typical pseudofossil
- Type of Huts suggested by Magdalenian drawings 2
- Cenozoic mammals - Mylodonjpg
- Cretaceous cephalopods
- Cotylosaur
- Bilateral symmetry in fossil brachiopod
- The Cro-Magnon Man
- Cenozoic mammals - Pliohippus