- Benjamin of Tudela in the Desert of Sahara
This Jew was the son of a rabbi of Tudela, a town in Navarre, and he was called Benjamin of Tudela. It seems probable that the object of his voyage was to make a census of his brother Jews scattered over the surface of the Globe, but whatever may have been his motive, he spent thirteen years, from 1160-1173, exploring nearly all the known world, and his narrative was considered the great authority on this subject up to the sixteenth century. - World as known to the Ancients
Map of the World as known to the Ancients - The approach to Constantinople
From Anselmi Banduri Imperium orientale, tome II., p. 448. 2 vols. folio. Parisiis, 1711. - Corelli
Arcangelo Corelli (1653-1713) left his home in Fusignano, near Bologna, a young violinist, for an extended concert tour. His gentle, sensitive disposition proving unfitted to cope with the jealousy of Lully, chief violinist in France, and with sundry annoyances in other lands, he returned to Italy and entered the service of Cardinal Ottoboni in Rome. In the private apartments of the prelate there gathered a choice company of music lovers every Monday afternoon to hear his latest compositions. Besides his solos these comprised groups of idealized dance tunes with harmony of mood for their bond of union, and played by two violins, a viola, violoncello and harpsichord. They were the parents of modern Chamber Music, the place of assemblage furnishing the name. - George Washington
George Washington - Katharine Bement Davis
The villain had received his just deserts, but he, or rather she, was smiling with satisfaction. Her play, for Katharine was the author as well as a principal actor, had been a great success. Nobody had forgotten a line, and, in addition, the scenery had added a realistic setting. Who would ever have dreamed that the deep forest and bold cliffs were only boughs cut from the shrubbery, and boxes covered with mother’s old gray shawl? The back parlor of the Davis home was crowded with a friendly audience of girls and boys and a few mothers and fathers. This attendance was very gratifying to Katharine, for it assured her that the receipts would be large. With them she intended to provide a bountiful Thanksgiving dinner for a good woman who was having difficulty in supporting her crippled grandson. Little did this merry eleven-year-old girl think that the work of helping others, begun in such a small way that night, was the work that she was to choose for her own later on. When she grew up she became a sociologist. This is simply a long word for a person who thinks, studies, plans, and works to help people lead happier, healthier, and better lives. - Kate Douglas Wiggin
- Julia Ward Howe
Whose Battle Hymn Sang Itself Into the Hearts of a Nation In the days when New York was not the big city that it is now, there was a fashionable section called the Bowling Green. The people who lived there often used to see a great yellow coach roll by. Within, three little girls sat stiffly against the bright blue cushions. These children were dressed in blue coats and yellow satin bonnets to match the chariot and its lining. They were the three little Ward children, one of them, Julia, to be known later throughout the land as Julia Ward Howe. She is the author of the famous patriotic hymn which you sing so often at school, the “Battle Hymn of the Republic.” - Jane Addams
The Girl Who Became a Neighbor To the Needy “Why do people live in such horrid little houses so close together, Father?” asked seven-year-old Jane on a trip to the city. Miss Addams believed that it is better to show people how to help themselves than to give them gifts of money. “It is hard to help people one does not know,” she reasoned, “and how can one really know people without seeing them very often?” True to the decision she had made as a child, she resolved to live among the poor and be a real neighbor to them. With the help of some friends, Miss Addams opened Hull-House, which is located in a tenement section of Chicago. Here, she established a day nursery where mothers who had to go out to work could leave their babies in good care. A kindergarten was organized for the young children in the neighborhood. - Susan B. Anthony
Who Worked for Sixty Years to Secure Rights for Women Young Susan vigorously attacked, with her broom, the cobweb in the corner of the schoolroom ceiling. It was a stubborn cobweb and Susan had to step upon the teacher’s desk to reach it. No girl trained by so good a housekeeper as Susan’s mother could be happy in the same room with a cobweb. Susan B. Anthony kept on pleading for women, no matter how much people laughed at her. Gradually, the world began to see some reason in what she said. To-day, all women who cast their vote, control their property, and send their daughters to college, can thank the determined Quaker girl who had such a large share in giving women their rights. - Maud Powell
The Girl Whose Violin Spread Afar The Message of Music The sweet strains of one of Mozart’s violin sonatas filled the room. One of the players was a bright-eyed little girl. The other, it was easy to guess from the proud and tender look that she gave her little companion, was the child’s mother. Both mother and daughter loved these hours together with their violins. Music meant much to this mother. She enjoyed composing as well as playing. She was very happy to know that music gave pleasure to her little daughter also. The hope was in this mother’s heart that some day little Maud would be a great musician. It was a hope that was realized, for, in later years, Maud Powell became known as the foremost American violinist. - Maria Mitchell
The Girl Who Studied the Stars It was an eventful day in the Mitchell home. The parlor window had been taken out and the telescope mounted in front of it. Twelve-year-old Maria, at her father’s side, counted the seconds while he observed a total eclipse of the sun. Not every twelve-year-old girl could be trusted to use the chronometer, an instrument which measures the time even more accurately than a watch. Maria, however, had been helping her father in his study of the stars ever since she could count. Before many years this little girl beside the telescope became America’s best-known woman astronomer. - Louise Homer
Who Believes That Hard Work Is The Secret of Her Success as a Singer Louise paid no attention to the calls of the children. What were a few hours’ lost play compared with the treat in store for her! To-night after the regular prayer meeting, a song service was to be held to study hymns. Louise had begged so hard to be allowed to attend that her father had consented, provided that her lessons were thoroughly prepared in the afternoon. These midweek song services were held at the Minneapolis church of which her father was pastor. There, Louise Beatty sang for the first time outside her own home. Little did this girl realize that her rich, deep voice would later make her famous throughout the world. Louise Dilworth Beatty was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, in 1872, into a family where playing and singing were as much a part of the daily program as eating or sleeping. Every one of the eight Beatty children loved music. They were always singing in duets, trios, quartets, or choruses. - Louisa M. Alcott
Whose Stories of Real Life Are A Delight to Girls and Boy Little Women, her first great success, is the story of the Alcott family. It tells of their jolly times and their hard times at the Orchard House at Concord, Massachusetts. The lively outspoken “Jo” of the story, writing in the attic, is Louisa herself; the other “March” girls are her own dear sisters, Anna, Elizabeth, and Abba May. “Marmee,” of course, is the beloved mother, and Mr. March, the father. - Harriet Goodhue Hosmer
Harriet went to school in Watertown, and later attended a private school at Lenox, Massachusetts. After three years at Lenox, Harriet returned home. She then began to study drawing and modeling in Boston. Often she walked both to and from her lessons, a distance of fourteen miles. By this time, Harriet Hosmer realized that nothing made her happier than to turn formless bits of clay into beautiful objects. She felt that she would like to go still further in her work; she wanted to see some of her ideas take shape in marble. - Harriet Beecher Stowe
- Grace Hoadley Dodge
The Girl Who Worked For Working Girls A group of prominent men and women were sitting in the drawing room of a beautiful home in New York City, talking earnestly. Close by them sat a young girl, the eldest daughter of the house. She shyly added only an occasional word to the conversation, but she gave very careful attention to everything that her elders said. One member of this group was Dwight L. Moody, the famous preacher. The girl listened to him with particular interest, and was deeply impressed by all he had to say. There were often such gatherings in this home. No matter with what subject the conversation started, sooner or later came the question of how to help men and women lead the best kind of lives. It was not strange, then, that one day this young girl went to her mother and said, “I have found out what there is for me to do. I am going to help people.” - Frances Hodgson Burnett
The Girl Who Loved Stories And Wrote Them - Frances E. Willard
- Evangeline Booth
The Girl Who Lived The Meaning of Her Name Many a passerby on the crowded London street paused to glance at the earnest, thoughtful face of a slender, golden-haired flower girl and to buy a nosegay from her basket. When her stock was sold this girl, as fair and fragile as one of her own flowers, picked her way through the throng. She presently disappeared into one of the dirty alleyways, where only the poorest of Londoners lived. Children ran to meet her and rough men touched their caps as she passed. The sick woman whose wretched room she entered fell asleep peacefully after receiving a bowl of soup from her hands and a cheery word. For weeks this sweet-faced young girl, who sold flowers or worked at making matches, had been winning the hearts of the poor, discouraged people of this district. She tended their babies and prayed with the lonely old women. These people felt that they had found a friend who was sorry for them and who was always ready to give them aid. They called her the “White Angel.” - Ellen H. Richards
- Ella Flagg Young
Boy hoeing between the cabbages as a girls reads a book - Elizabeth Cady Stanton
- Clara Barton
The Girl Who Unfurled The First American Red Cross Flag. It was Big Brother David who taught the little sister many things that were to make her a very practical “Angel of the Battlefield.” At five years of age, thanks to his training, she rode wild horses like a young Mexican. This skill in managing any horse meant the saving of countless lives when she had to gallop all night in a trooper’s saddle to reach the wounded men. David taught her, also, to drive a nail straight, to tie a knot that would hold, and to think and act quickly. - Amy Marcy Cheney Beach
At the age of four Amy was finally allowed to play on the piano. Often when her aunt was seated at the instrument, little Amy would stand on a hassock and play with her, making up an accompaniment as she went along. Just as other little girls plan how to arrange their playhouses or how to make new dresses for their dolls, this little girl used to think out tunes. Once, when she was visiting at a house where there was no piano, she composed a little piece of music. She remembered it and three months later was able to play it correctly on the piano at home. She had composed three other little pieces before she was seven years old. - Cecilia Beaux
Whose Paint Brush Has Brought Her Fame Cecilia’s gray eyes grew thoughtful as she considered the drawing that she was copying. She held it at arm’s length, scrutinizing it critically. “Ah, this is much more fun than practicing scales,” she reflected. When the family examined these drawings, they said, “Cecilia would never be a success at music, but she draws very well.” This little girl was Cecilia Beaux, whose portraits have won many medals. She was born in Philadelphia in 1863. Her father came from Provence, France, where the people have ever been famed for their enjoyment of beauty. Her mother was of New England descent and had inherited from her ancestors the ability to do things and to do them conscientiously and well. From each parent the little girl received a golden gift: from her father, his joy in the beautiful; from her mother, the love of doing things. Her good use of these two gifts has made Cecilia Beaux a famous artist. - Alice Freeman Palmer
The Girl Who Guided College Girls When she grew up, Alice Freeman could still forget herself and enter into the moods of others. She seemed to know exactly how the other person felt. That was one of the reasons why, when she became the president of Wellesley College, she was able to help the students make the very best of their lives. - Alice Cunningham Fletcher
This little girl was Alice Cunningham Fletcher. She was born in Boston, Massachusetts, in 1845. As she grew older, the thought came to her that if she felt so happy out in the open, how must the Indians feel who had lived a free out-of-door life for generations. Gradually she began to think that these people, whom the world called savages, must have learned something about how to live happily. Alice Fletcher resolved that, if ever there came a time when it was possible, she would go to the home of the Indians and try to discover their secrets. Meanwhile she studied all that books and museums could teach her of the story of the Red Men. At last, there did come a day when she decided to go and live among them. It meant leaving behind her, beloved libraries, fine concerts, beautiful pictures, and even a comfortable bed and easy chair. Miss Fletcher felt, however, that there was something that meant more than comfort to her. It was the doing of a definite piece of work that she believed would be useful to the world. Therefore, she left the friends with whom she could talk of books, pictures, and music, and went to live among the Dakota and Omaha Indians. From the door of her rude wigwam of buffalo skins, she could watch the little Indian children at play and see the everyday life of the older members of the tribe. - Helen Keller
The Deaf and Blind Girl Who Found Light and Happiness Through Knowledge On June 27, 1880, Helen Keller was born in the little Alabama town of Tuscumbia. For nineteen months she was just like any other happy, healthy baby girl. Then a severe illness took away her sight and hearing, and, because she was unable to hear her baby words, she soon forgot how to talk. One day when Helen was nearly seven years old, a new doll was put into her arms. Then, in her hand a lady made the letters d-o-l-l in the deaf alphabet. Helen did not know that things had names, but she was amused with this new game and imitated the letters for her mother. Helen’s new friend and teacher was Miss Anne Sullivan. She had come from the Perkins Institution for the Blind, in Boston, to teach this little girl. - Common Water Spider
The female lays eggs in a bubble, which, covered with a double layer of silk and deformed into a more or less flat bulb, is hung on a water plant or in the diver's bell and carefully monitored. - Wandering Crab Spider
Wandering Crab Spider ( Thomisus viaticus ): in the background a specimen, which ejects a thread and another, which is suspended by the wind while hanging on a thread; in the foreground a male, b a female and c the eye-bearing part of the head-breast seen from behind. - Harlequin Spider
Harlequin Spider ( Salticus scenicus ): a) Female, b) Male, both enlarged. c) Female, full size, d) Front part of the head bust, seen from behind to show eye placement (enlarged). - Tarantula Apuliae
Apulian Tarantula ( Tarantula Apuliae ): Male - Beetle louse
1) Beetle louse ( Gamasus coleoptratorum ), greatly enlarged. 2) Beetle lice on the belly of a Scarab; actual size. - Pigeon tick
Pigeon tick ( Argas reflexus ) seen from the back and from the ventral side, enlarged. The top is rusty yellow, the bottom is yellowish-white (as is the edge of the body and legs), unless the food channel is filled with a colored substance. - Moluccan lobsters
The Swordtails or Moluccan lobsters ( Merostomata , Xiphosuridae , Xiphuridae ) are very eccentric creatures, remnants of an extinct animal world, not closely related to any of the existing groups to be included. In important respects they deviate from the Shellfish, to which most zoologists add them, albeit with some reservations. They draw closer to the Arachnids and more specifically to the Scorpions. Unified with the latter order, they should probably form a separate class. - Beach crabs
Beach crabs - Sea crab
Sea crab - Great Sea Spider
Great Sea Spider - Common Lobster
Common Lobster - Common Crayfish
Common Crayfish - Squilla mantis
Squilla mantis - Freshwater Shrimp
Freshwater Shrimp - Barnacles
Barnacles They are attached to a flexible muscular stem and have a flat, three-sided shell. A large number of genera are distinguished according to the number and the greater or lesser development of the limestone plates. Among the most common are Lepas and Otion . About half of all Lepadid species attach themselves to objects moving in water, to the keel of ships, to pieces of wreckage, etc., or to animals that often change places. Anelasma squalicolaeg lives parasitically on Northern Sharks, into whose skin it has penetrated with its stem; With Lepas anserifera and a few other species, the ships are not infrequently overgrown on their return from almost all southern and tropical seas. [As translated online ] - Gill foot
Gill foot Two species of these freshwater animals are found in Central Europe, Apus cancriformis and Apus productus, the latter also lives here. They can be recognized by the shape of the tail flap, which in the first species is very short and notched. Behind the shield-shaped shell, which covers the body of these animals at the back, protrudes only the long hindquarters, the last segment of which bears two long tail threads. The front part of the dorsal shield shows the two almost merging eyes. There are 30 to 40 pairs of limbs; the eleventh forms 2 brood bags for the female storage of the eggs. On the back, only the 3 whip-shaped appendages of the first pair of legs are visible. The anterior blades are small, 2-membered, filamentous, the posterior only present in the larva state. The Gill Paws live in small puddles and other stagnant water; they die when their abode dries up. The eggs, which remain in the solidified mud, retain their development capability for a very long time. [As translated online] - Water flea
The Water Fleas ( Cladocera ) are the second suborder next to the Leaf-legged. Early in the morning, but also on warm, quiet evenings, and moreover in cloudy skies, these little creatures, the largest of which are seldom longer than 6 mM, swim close to the surface of the water; but they go down to the depths as soon as the sun begins to shine on the water with some force. Some species, by the way, always prefer to stay close to the muddy soil than in higher water layers. It is not surprising that they have long attracted the attention of naturalists, as they usually populate still and slowly flowing water in great crowds. The Cladoceren and Copepods make, according to Leijdig, almost the only food from the most estimated Visschen der Bavarian mountain lakes and from Lake Constance, from the Roode Trout ( Salmo salvellinus ) and Blauwe Houtingen ( Coregonus Wartmanni ), whose catch is a means of subsistence for a large number of inhabitants of the lake districts. [As translated from the Dutch by online translator ] - Fight between an Ordinary Roller Spider and a Scorpion
The Roller Spider hides during the day in crevices of the loamy soil, in reed beds or under stones; at night she goes out for robbery and catches Insects. Tests on large specimens have shown that she also attacks large animals. A 52 mm Roller Spider. body length grabbed a 105 mm. long Scorpion at the root of the tail, bit it off and then devoured the whole animal. However, this victory was only due to chance, as it turned out, when a second Scorpio was brought to her and she attacked them from the front; this animal held its enemy with the claws and wounded it with the poison spine, to which it succumbed after a few convulsions. {trasnslated by Google] - Field Scorpion
Field Scorpion ( Buthus occitanus ): - a) top viw.-b) ventral side of the abdomen prior to: the 1st section - Long-tailed thread scorpion
With the Scorpions ( Thelyphonidae)) the three last abdominal members are narrow and form a short tube, which ends in a long, multifaceted thread with a stink gland. The whip is relatively short and 8-membered. The jaw gauges are thick, stocky and scissor-shaped at the end. The depicted species inhabits Java and Timor and is 32 mm without the tail. - Long-armed Tarantel Scorpion
Long-armed Tarantel Scorpion ( Phrynus lunatus ) - a) Front part of the head bust enlarged to show the arrangement of the eyes. - Garden spider
Garden spider ( Epeira diadema ): - 1) Female. 2) Male. 3) Spider pipe. 4) Spinnerets with the vent opening (top) and the “strainer” (bottom). 5) Jaw blades and eyes. 6) Left jaw blade, the ground member of which is cut longitudinally to show the venom gland as a whole. 7) Top of the foot lid. 3–7 strongly enlarged. - Tarantula
Tarantula ( Mygale ). - Sauvage's Mason Spider
Sauvage's Mason Spider ( Cteniza fodiens ) in her home (this is greatly shortened and shown cut lengthways) .— a) Placement of eyes (greatly enlarged) .— b) Cover seen from the inside. -C) Eggs. ). - Spiny Spider
In the specimen on the tree trunk, the spider field is seen protruding like a glittering black nodule in the middle of the transversely wrinkled underside of the bright blood-red abdomen, which, in addition to the 2 long, curved thorns at the rear corners, bears 2 pairs of shorter spines, which as the spots on the back are black. The front part of the body is hairy and glossy black. - Wreathed Weaving Spider
The Wreathed Weaving Spider ( Theridium redimitum), which occurs quite commonly, especially in gardens, becomes at most 5 mM. long; this fat little spider inhabits all kinds of low-growing herbs and shrubs; here it spins (fig. 1) a few leaves together by irregularly oriented threads, on which the small animals that make up its food stick to. The mother attaches the spherical, bluish egg sac to a leaf (fig. 2), keeps watch next to it until the young have hatched, and continues to do so for the few days of their cohabitation. These beautiful spiders are very variable in color and drawing. Transparent and almost white in their early youth, spotted black only on the back of the abdomen; towards the end of June, in July and in August, they have taken on a pale yellow color, some plain, others with a stain on the abdomen, which can be pure pinkish red or partially greenish, circular or oval. In addition, the rim and a line across the center of the head-breast, 6 pairs of round dots on the abdomen, the tip of the probes and the shins are black. grab. [As translated from the Dutch by online translator ] - House spider
House spider ( Tegenaria domestica ): - a) Male (below, on an enlarged scale, eyes seen from the front). b) Female - Wreath and Banner
Wreath and Banner - Adam and Eve driven out of the garden of Eden
Gen. 3:23, 24 - William Smith O’Brien
In 1845 Davis died, and the leadership of the Party passed into the hands of William Smith O’Brien, his lieutenants being John Mitchel and John Martin. All three were Protestants. Mr. Smith O’Brien was descended from King Brian Borhoimè—who played the part of Alfred the Great in Irish history. A brother of Lord Inchiquin, he was an aristocrat and a Tory, with frigid manners, and a high and chivalrous sense of honour. He had drifted into the “Young Ireland” Party, firstly, because fourteen years’ experience of the Imperial Parliament convinced him that it could not legislate wisely for Ireland, and, secondly, because he despaired of any other Party obtaining for Ireland the only Government that could lift her to her place among the nations. As a speaker he was cold, logical, and stilted. But he had a severe and ascetic sense of public duty, and his fidelity and truthfulness secured for him the unswerving loyalty of his followers. - Westminster Hall