Egyptians’ Early Use of Wine
Bacchus
Assyrians drinking
The Assyrians, who `rank` next in antiquity to the Egyptians, were no shunners of wine; they could drink sociably, and hob-nob together, as we see by the illustration.
Assyrian Wine List
“This list of wines is found engraved upon a terra-cotta tablet from the palace of Assur-ba-ni-pal, the Sardanapalus of the Greeks, and evidently represents the wines supplied to the royal table. It reads: Col. I. Wine of the Land of Izalli. Wine, the Drink of the King (Daniel i. 5). Wine of the Nazahrie. Wine of Ra-h-ū (Shepherds’ Wine). Wine of Khabaru. Col. II. Wine of Khilbunn or Helbon. Wine of Arnabani (North Syria). Wine of Sibzu (Sweet Wine). Wine of Sa-ta-ba-bi-ru-ri (which I think means Wines which from the Vineyard come not). Wine of Kharrubi (Wine of the Carrob or Locust bean).”
Filling the wine cups at a feast
We see the process of filling the wine cups at a feast. They were dipped into a large vase instead of being filled from a small vessel. Nor were they alone contented with grape wine, they had palm wine, wine made from dates, and beer even as the Egyptians had.
Hittite ladies drinking
The Hittites had been a powerful and civilized nation when the Jews were in an exceedingly primitive condition, and Abraham found them the rightful possessors of Hebron, in Southern Palestine (Gen. xxiii.), and so far recognised their rights to the soil, as to purchase from them the Cave of Machpelah for “four hundred shekels of silver, current money with the merchant.” Their power afterwards waned, as they had left Hebron and taken to the mountains, as was reported by the spies sent by Moses, four hundred years afterwards (Num. xiii.), but they have left behind them carvings which throw some light upon their social customs. For instance, here is one of two ladies partaking of a social glass together. Unfortunately, we do not know at present the true meaning of their inscriptions, for scholars are yet at variance as to the translation of them.
Hittite God
That they [the Hittites] thoroughly cherished wine may be seen from the accompanying illustration, which represents one of their deities, who appears to be a compound of Bacchus and Ceres, and aptly illustrative of the two good things of those countries, corn and wine, which, with the olive and honey, made an earthly Paradise for the inhabitants thereof. It shows how much they appreciated wine, when they deified it.
Egyptian wine
The Egyptians had several kinds of wine, even as early as the fourth dynasty (above 6000 years ago, according to Mariette), when four kinds of wine, at least, were known. Pliny and Horace say that the wine of Mareotis was most esteemed.
Etruscan mode of drinking
The mode of drinking from the ἀμφορεύς, bottle or amphora, and from a wine skin, is taken from a painting on an Etruscan vase.
Amphoræ, Rhytons, etc.
(British Museum) The modern jars in any of the wine districts of Italy, such as Asti Montepulciano or Montefiascone, thin earthen two-handled vessels holding some twenty quarts, are almost identical with the ancient amphoræ. Suetonius speaks of a candidate for the quæstorship who drank the contents of a whole amphora at a dinner given by Tiberius. This amphora was probably of a smaller size.
Cockroach
Periplaneta orientalis, male Dorsal view. 1 Antenna 2 palp of first maxilla 3 prothorax 4 anterior wings 5 femur of second leg 6 tibia 7 tarsus 8 cerci anales 9 styles (From Kükenthal.)
Cockroach
Periplaneta orientalis, male. Side view. 1 Antenna 2 head 3 prothorax 4 anterior wing 5 soft skin between terga and sterna 6 sixth abdominal tergum 7 split portion of tenth abdominal tergum 8 cercianales 9 styles 10 coxa of third leg 11 trochanter 12 femur 13 tibia 14 tarsus 15,claws (From Kükenthal.)
Mouth appendages of cockroach
Mouth appendages of Periplaneta (magnified). A Mandible B First maxilla 1 cardo 2 stipes 3 lacinia 4 galea 5 palp C Right and left second maxillae fused to form the labium 1 submentum 2 mentum 3 ligula, corresponding to the lacinia 4 paraglossa, corresponding to the galea 5 palp (From Latter.)
Cockroach
A female cockroach, Periplaneta, with the dorsal exoskeleton removed, dissected to show the viscera. 1 Head 2 labrum 3 antenna, cut short 4 eye 5 crop 6 nervous system of crop 7 gizzard 8 hepatic caeca 9 mid-gut or mesenteron 10 Malpighian tubules 11 colon 12 rectum 13 salivary glands 14 salivary receptacle 15 brain 16 ventral nerve cord with ganglia 17 ovary 18 spermatheca 19 oviduct 20 genital pouch, in which the egg-cocoon is found 21 colleterial glands 22 anal cercus (From Latter.
The field-mouse (Apodemus sylvaticus)
Head of Mus decumanus
Head of Mus rattus
Mus decumanus
Mus rattus
Dressed for the weather
Immediate medical and nursing care are vital in pneumonia
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