- 'Body-bending' or 'Cone' Exercise
- Boer Boys Shooting with Crossbows
- Camp Grate
- Camp Kitchen
- Camp Loom, for making Mats and Mattresses
- Captain John Smith
- Carrying Insensible Man
- Character of gentlemen
- Dragging Insensible Man - Both heads down near the floor
- From 'Sketches in Mafeking and East Africa.'
- How not to sit
- Charles Meryon. By Félix Bracquemond
- La Tour de L’Horloge
- Le Ministère de la Marine -fifth state
- Le Ministère de la Marine
- Le Petit Pont
- Le Pont-Neuf et la Samaritaine
- Le Pont-au-Change vers 1784, d’après Nicolle
- Le Pont-au-Change
- Le Pont-Neuf
- Le Stryge
- Nouvelle-Calédonie
- Ancienne Habitation à Bourges
- Océanie, Pêche aux Palmes
- Partie de la Cité vers la Fin du XVIIᵉ Siècle
- Bain-froid Chevrier
- Charles Meryon, 1858. By Léopold Flameng
- Collège Henri IV
- Entrée du Couvent des Capucins à Athènes
- L. J.-Marie Bizeul
- L’Abside de Notre-Dame de Paris
- L’Ancien Louvre, d’après une peinture de Zeeman
- L’Arche du Pont Notre-Dame
- La Galerie Notre-Dame
- La Morgue
- La Pompe Notre-Dame
- La Rue des Mauvais Garçons
- Porte d’un ancien Couvent à Bourges
- Tourelle de la Rue de la Tixéranderie
- Rue des Chantres -b
- Rue des Chantres
- Rue des Toiles à Bourges
- Rue Pirouette aux Halles (D.49), third state
- Saint-Etienne-du-Mont
- Tourelle de la Rue de L’Ecole.-de-Médecine b
- Tourelle de la Rue de L’Ecole.-de-Médecine
- Leupold's Engine
In 1725, Jacob Leupold invented an engine, in which the work was done by steam alone, instead of by the atmosphere, as in the engines that immediately preceded it. Leupold used two cylinders. They were open at the top to the atmosphere as in the others, but154 he used higher pressures of steam, and arranged a four-way cock between the bottoms of the two cylinders in such a way that the bottom of each cylinder, in its turn, was connected to the boiler or to the open air. Each cylinder actuated directly a separate vibrating beam, which in turn actuated the piston of a pump; the two pistons acting reciprocally, each drawing up water in its turn. In 1765, James Watt made the very great improvement of providing a condenser separate from the cylinder of the engine, so that the great loss of heat caused by cooling the cylinder and then heating it at each stroke was wholly avoided. He covered the cylinder entirely, and surrounded it with an external cylinder kept always full of steam, that maintained the cylinder at a high temperature. The steam, instead of being condensed within the cylinder, after it had done its work, was allowed to escape into the condenser. To facilitate this action, the condenser was fitted with an air-pump that maintained a good vacuum in it. In 1769, Watt invented an improvement that consisted mainly of means whereby the supply of steam to the cylinder could be shut off at any desired part of the stroke, and the steam allowed to complete the rest of the stroke by virtue of its expansive force. This invention increased tremendously the efficiency of the engine: that is, the amount of work done with a given amount of steam. - Hero's Altar Engine
A third apparatus [from Hero] was merely an elaboration of the second, in that the sphere was connected with an altar which supported a large drum on which were figures representing human beings. The fire being lighted, the sphere would soon begin to revolve, and with it the drum; and the figures on it would seem to dance around, above the altar. The invention was probably to impress the people with the idea that the priests were exerting supernatural power. - Hero's Engines
One of the early influences of the art of printing was to bring to the notice of some restless minds the writings of Hero and Archimedes. In Hero's Pneumatics, published more than 120 years before Christ, he gives such a clear account of an invention of his own, in which the expansive force of steam was used to give and maintain motion, as to establish thoroughly his right to the basic invention of the steam engine. He described three apparatus that he devised. In one, the currents of air and aqueous vapor rising through a tube from a hollow sphere, containing water, under which a fire is burning, support a ball placed immediately above the tube, and make it seem to dance. In another apparatus, a hollow sphere into which steam has arisen from what we now call a boiler, is supported on a horizontal or vertical axis, and provided with tubes that protrude from the sphere, and are bent at right angles to the radius and also to the pivot. The inner ends of these tubes lie within the sphere, so that the steam passes from the sphere through the tubes. As soon as this happens, the sphere takes up a rapid rotation, that continue so long as the steam continues to escape from the nozzles of the tubes, which point rearwardly. A third apparatus was merely an elaboration of the second, in that the sphere was connected with an altar which supported a large drum on which were figures representing human beings. The fire being lighted, the sphere would soon begin to revolve, and with it the drum; and the figures on it would seem to dance around, above the altar. The invention was probably to impress the people with the idea that the priests were exerting supernatural power. - Portuguese Voyages and Possessions
The first great navigational feat that followed the invention of the compass was that performed by the Portuguese, Bartholomew Dias, who conceived the idea of reaching India by going around Africa, and sailed down the west coast of Africa as far as its southern end, later called the Cape of Good Hope. It was a tremendous undertaking, and it had tremendous results; for it demonstrated the possibilities of great ocean voyages, proved that the road to India was very long, and led to the expedition of Columbus, six years later. It was also a great invention, both in brilliancy of conception and excellence of execution, although Dias did not reach India. The second great navigational feat was performed by Christopher Columbus in 1492. Before that time it was conceded by most men of learning and reflection that the earth was spherical; and it was realized that, if it was spherical, it might be possible by sailing to the westward to reach India, the goal of all commercial expeditions in that day. Columbus is not to be credited with the first conception of that possibility. - Uniforms of the British Navy - Midshipman, Admiral, Flag-Lieutenant, Secretary (Fleet Paymaster)
- A Turkish Pirate Ship of 1579
Observe the sharp ram, the tower-like forecastle, and the curiously perched cabin aft. Also the tail-like ornaments at the stern, possibly reminiscent of the sterns of the old "Dragon-ships" and "Long Serpents". The big and somewhat triangular openings are probably gun-ports, but no guns are visible. - Confederate Torpedo for Rivers
A, Outer shell. B, Air chamber to keep end up. C, Gunpowder. D, Pistol with trigger connected with rod. E, Rod with prongs to catch vessel coming up stream. F, Iron bands with rings. G, Weights anchoring torpedo. - Barrel Torpedo used at Charleston
Barrel Torpedo used at Charleston, made of an ordinary barrel with ends of solid wood; fired by electricity - Chinese Floating Mine
One of two, tied together, with which an attempt was made to blow up H.M.S. Encounter. - Chinese Floating Mines used againsts HMS Encounter
A, Can buoy containing powder. B, Box containing lighted match and punk below. C, Lid or slide between match and punk. D, String for pulling out slide, to allow match to ignite punk. - Chinese Floating Mines used againsts HMS Encounter
A, Wires to catch side of ship. B, Lead weight. C, Jars of Gunpowder. D, Case with side broken away to show jars. E, Raft. - Russian Mine laid in the Baltic in the Crimean War
- Submarine Mine laid by the Russians in the Crimean War
Submarine Mine laid by the Russians in the Crimean War Made of staves about 3 in. thick, and containing an inner case filled with flue gunpowder. - Diver's Helmet from Vegetius
A comparison between the two sketches over page will, I think, go far to prove me right, since the so-called "Diver's Helmet" is taken from Vegetius' De Re Militari, not published before 1511. The earliest picture of a diving-helmet of this kind I have been able to find is in a German work published in 1500: both are therefore of a later date than the "Swimming Jacket". This "jacket" was intended to be worn as follows: The lower rectangular part was to be placed at the back, the oval portion to the front of the body. When the swimmer wished to remain at the surface he inflated his jacket by means of the tube; when he required to dive out of sight he would let the air out. Look at the position of the buckles and straps in the two drawings and you will see that there is a strong presumption that the later artist deliberately made the alteration in order to support his bogus picture of a diving-helmet.