- Altazimuth Theodolite
The figure represents an altazimuth theodolite of an improved pattern used on the Ordnance Survey. The horizontal circle of 14-in. diameter is read by three micrometer microscopes; the vertical circle has a diameter of 12 in., and is read by two microscopes. In the great trigonometrical survey of India the theodolites used in the more important parts of the work have been of 2 and 3 ft. diameter—the circle read by five equidistant microscopes. Every angle is measured twice in each position of the zero of the horizontal circle, of which there are generally ten; the entire 610number of measures of an angle is never less than 20. An examination of 1407 angles showed that the probable error of an observed angle is on the average ±0″.28 - Zenith Telescope
Zenith Telescope constructed for the International Stations at Mizusawa, Carloforte, Gaithersburg and Ukiah, by Hermann Wanschaff, Berlin. - Devil
Depiction of the devil - Roller Washing Machine
The pieces are now run through a continuous washing machine, which is provided with a plentiful supply of water. The machine consists essentially of a wooden vat, over which there is a pair of heavy wooden (sycamore) bowls or squeezers. The pieces enter the machine at each end, as indicated by the arrows, and pass rapidly through the bowls down to the bottom of the vat over a loose roller, thence between the first pair of guide pegs through the bowls again, and travel thus in a spiral direction until they arrive at the middle of the machine, when they leave at the side opposite to that on which they entered. The same type of machine is used for liming, chemicking, and souring. - The Mather Kier, cross section
In the modern processes of bleaching cotton pieces the lime boil is entirely dispensed with, its place being taken by a treatment in the kier with caustic soda (or a mixture of caustic soda and soda ash) and resin soap. The best known and probably the most widely practised of these processes is one which was worked out by the late M. Horace Koechlin in conjunction with Sir William Mather, and this differs from the old process not only in the sequence of the operations but also in the construction of the kier. This consists of a horizontal egg-ended cylinder. - Horizontal Drying Machine
After bleaching, the cloth is next passed over a mechanical contrivance known as a “scutcher,” which opens it out from the rope form to its full breadth, and is then dried on a continuous drying machine. The figure shows the appearance and construction of an improved form of the horizontal drying machine, which is in more common use for piece goods than the vertical form. - Bittern
A genus of wading birds, belonging to the family Ardeidae, comprising several species closely allied to the herons, from which they differ chiefly in their shorter neck, the back of which is covered with down, and the front with long feathers, which can be raised at pleasure. They are solitary birds, frequenting countries possessing extensive swamps and marshy grounds, remaining at rest by day, concealed among the reeds and bushes of their haunts, and seeking their food, which consists of fish, reptiles, insects and small quadrupeds, in the twilight. - High Pressure Blow-through Kier
Lime Boil.—In this operation, which is also known as bowking (Ger. beuchen), the pieces are first run through milk of lime contained in an ordinary washing machine and of such a strength that they take up about 4% of their weight of lime (CaO). They are then run over winches and guided through smooth porcelain rings (“pot-eyes”) into the kier, where they are evenly packed by boys who enter the vessel through the manhole at the top. It is of the greatest importance that the goods should be evenly packed, for, if channels or loosely-packed places are left, the liquor circulating through the kier, when boiling is subsequently in progress, will follow the line of least resistance, and the result is an uneven treatment. Of the numerous forms of kier in use, the injector kier is the one most generally adopted. This consists of an egg-ended cylindrical vessel constructed of stout boiler plate and shown in sectional elevation in the figure. - A Haymaker
A Haymaker - A Hungarian Ferry
A Hungarian Ferry - A Little Girl of Hainburg
A Little Girl of Hainburg - An Ark-boat
An Ark-boat - Black Forest Cow Team
Black Forest Cow Team - Building a House in Servia
Black Forest Cow Team - Bulgarian Bozaji, Belgrade
Even the hissing of frying fat in the numerous cook-shops seemed hushed for the time; the vender of kukurutz (green corn on the ear) slept in a shadow; and the Bulgarian bozaji, selling slightly fermented maize beer, alone broke the drowsy silence with his mournful cries. - Bulgarian Buffalo Cart
Bulgarian Buffalo Cart - Bulgarian Fisherman Basket-making
Bulgarian Fisherman Basket-making - Country Market-boat, Budapest
Country Market-boat, Budapest - Crossing the Weir—Rottenacker
Crossing the Weir—Rottenacker - Donaueschingen Girls
Donaueschingen Girls - Dredging the Delta
Dredging the Delta - Gossips, Hundsheim
At the post-office, where we went to buy our first Hungarian stamps, the gossiping old postmaster and his wife—characters not unfamiliar in the rural offices in other countries—were so overwhelmed by the extent of our requirements and the number of our letters that the wheels of official machinery refused to work at all. After they had carefully read all the addresses, and had marvelled long at the range of our correspondence, we succeeded in communicating to their dazed senses the fact that we wanted to buy a stock of stamps of various denominations. - Hohenzollern
Hohenzollern Castle - Hungarian Girls at Bezdán
Hungarian Girls at Bezdán - In Sunday Dress, Monostorszég
In Sunday Dress, Monostorszég - Loading Grain at Braila
Loading Grain at Braila - Lumber Raft
Lumber Raft - Max Schneckenburger
In the late afternoon we floated out of the sweet air of the meadows into a stratum of effluvia from the tanneries of Tuttlingen, and but for the fact that the town claims as its hero Max Schneckenburger, the author of the words of “Die Wacht am Rhein” who was educated here in his youth, and for the more cogent reason of hunger, we probably should have paddled past the town without pausing longer than to admire some of its architectural features. - Moldavian Peasants
Moldavian Peasants - Mosque in Silistria
Mosque in Silistria - Nuns at Riedlingen
Under other circumstances we would have spent a day or more at Riedlingen, where we found most interesting architecture along the river-front and saw a party of nuns at work in a hay-field. We had a little more social success with them than we did with their coreligionists, the monks at Beuron, for they turned their great, cool, flapping head-dresses in our direction, and actually seemed temporarily interested in our canoes, and in us as well. - On the Tile-boat
On the Tile-boat - Our Guard
“Our Guard,” Servian Militia Camp - Peasant Girl of the Black Forest
Peasant Girl of the Black Forest - Peasant Girl, Thieben
Peasant Girl, Thieben carrying a tall load on her back - Peasant Girls Mowing
Peasant Girls Mowing - Peasant Wagon, Hainburg
Peasant Wagon, Hainburg - Peasants of the Delta
Peasants of the Delta - Pump at Pöchlarn
Woman standing in front of the Pump at Pöchlarn - Returning from Market
Woman returning from market pushing a barrow with empty baskets - Roumanian Peasant Girl
Roumanian Peasant Girl - Roumanian Peasants Selling Flowers and Fruit
Roumanian Peasants Selling Flowers and Fruit - Schokacz Types
Schokacz Types - Servian Women
Servian Women - Spectators
Spectators watching us set up camp - The Bell tower
The Bell tower, Lauingen. - The Ferry
Our afternoon cruise was not further remarkable except for the sight of various immense ferry-boats swinging across the stream attached to wire guys and bearing two great loads of hay, cattle and all, and for a visit to Ingolstadt, a military post of great importance and correspondingly unattractive aspect. - The Monks of Beuron
The rapid current hurried us on, not against our will, and we only paused to watch the monks haymaking in the meadows, wearing a dress which looked like a compromise between the costumes of a washerwoman and a Cape Cod fisherman. They must have suffered in the hot sun, with their gowns of heavy woollen stuff, but they suffered in silence, and did not deign to answer our greetings or even to turn their eyes upon us. - The Sketchbook
Showing the sketch-book to inhabitants of a town - The Watch-tower, Theben
The Watch-tower, Theben - The Wienerthor, Hainburg
The Wienerthor, Hainburg - Turkish Flat-Boat
The river life was mostly confined to the larger craft; very few small boats were seen, and almost no fishermen. The great clouds of canvas on the Turkish vessels gleamed above the trees behind the islands far in the perspective, and the black smoke of tow-boats with their trains of loaded lighters was a constant feature in the ever-changing landscape. Occasionally a huge flat-boat of the roughest build, piled high with a cargo of red and yellow earthen-ware, melons, sacks of charcoal, and other miscellaneous merchandise, floated down in the gentle current, steered by Turks in costumes of varied hue, the whole reflecting a mass of glowing color in the stream. - Turkish Sailing Lotka, Sulina
Turkish Sailing Lotka, Sulina - Turkish Vessels
Just below Widdin, at the Bulgarian town of Arčer Palanka, the general course of the Danube changes from the south to the east; and to the town of Cernavoda, in the Dobrudscha, about 300 miles below, the river keeps the latter direction with few and slight deviations. The long, straight reaches were here enlivened by many sailing-vessels of the fifteenth-century type, with high ornate sterns, and single mast set midway between the bow and stern. Sometimes we met them gayly ploughing their way up-stream, with every bellying sail drawing full, and again we saw them dragged slowly against the current by a long line of patient Turkish sailors harnessed to a tow-rope; or else we came across them tied to the trees in some quiet spot awaiting a favorable wind, the decks covered with sleeping sailors, no man on watch. - Washer-women
At every available point of the crowded river-front washerwomen, with their petticoats wet to the waist, stood knee-deep in the stream, and accompanied their lively chatter with the vigorous tattoo of their active mallets. In the shadow of the houses near the landing great piles of watermelons were the centres of groups of all ages, every individual busy with the luscious, juicy fruit. - Water-carriers, Duna Földvár
Women water carriers - Wildenstein
Ruins of castles crown almost every prominent summit, and the scenery grows wilder and more beautiful at every bend of the river. Kallenberg, Wildenstein, Wernwag, Falkenstein, and a half-score of other ruins, equally wonderful in situation, tempted us to sketch them, and we found the most delightful spots imaginable wherever we paused and exchanged the paddle for the pencil. - Wood-sawyer at Ulm
A woman sawing wood - A Family Wash
A Gypsy family washing in the river - A Gypsy Girl
A gypsy girl lights a gypsy mans cigarette