- Illustrating Galen’s physiological teaching
The basic principle of life, in the Galenic physiology, is a spirit, anima or pneuma, drawn from the general world-soul in the act of respiration. It enters the body through the rough artery (τραχεῖα ἀρτηρία, arteria aspera of mediaeval notation), the organ known to our nomenclature as the trachea. From this trachea the pneuma passes to the lung and then, through the vein-like artery (ἀρτηρία φλεβώδης, arteria venalis of mediaeval writers, the pulmonary vein of our nomenclature), to the left ventricle. Here it will be best to leave it for a moment and trace the vascular system along a different route. - Plan of the foetal circulation
- Vertical section of the skull, showing the sinuses of the dura mater
Vertical section of the skull - Passage into trachea and esophagus; Pharynx
- Superficial veins of the head and neck
- The Skull
- Front view of the thorax
- The Spine
- The root of the left lung
- Skeleton
- The right auricle and ventricle laid open
- A cross section of the skin
- Lymphatics of the head and neck. B, the thoracic duct
- The cartilages of the larynx; the trachea and bronchi
- Lymphatics of the leg.
- The Anatomy of the Eye
From Vesalius, De humani corporis fabrica, Basel, 1543, p. 643. a, Crystalline humour; o, Albugineous humour; c, Vitreous humour; n, Cornea; q, Conjunctiva; m, Sclerotica; g, Secundina; h, Uvea; k, Arachnoidea; e, Retina. - The regions of the abdomen and their contents
- The arch of the aorta and its branches
- The Microcosm
The idea of a close parallelism between the structure of man and of the wider universe was gradually abandoned by the scientific, while among the unscientific it degenerated and became little better than an insane obsession. As such it appears in the ingenious ravings of the English follower of Paracelsus, the Rosicrucian, Robert Fludd, who reproduced, often with fidelity, the systems which had some novelty five centuries before his time. - Venice, 1496, showing the ventricles of the brain
Venice, 1496, showing the ventricles of the brain - Diagram of the senses, the humours, the cerebral ventricles, and the intellectual facultie
Diagram of the senses, the humours, the cerebral ventricles, and the intellectual facultie - An anatomical diagram of about 1298
An anatomical diagram of about 1298 - Roger Bacons diagram of the Eye
Roger Bacons diagram of the Eye - Diagram of the ventricles and the senses
Diagram of the ventricles and the senses with their relation to the intellectual processes according to the doctrine of the Renaissance anatomists. - The Anatomy of the Eye
The Anatomy of the Eye - The first printed picture of dissection
The first printed picture of dissection - The layers of the head
The layers of the head - Illustrating the general ideas on anatomy current at the Renaissance
Illustrating the general ideas on anatomy current at the Renaissance - The figure shows a professor and pupil. The former is demonstrating the bones of a skeleton.
The figure shows a professor and pupil. The former is demonstrating the bones of a skeleton. - The first picture of dissection in an English-printed book
The first picture of dissection in an English-printed book - The figure shows the ten layers of the head
The figure shows the ten layers of the head - Leonardo Da Vincis diagram of the heart
Leonardo Da Vincis diagram of the heart - a lecture on anatomy
a lecture on anatomy - Title-page of Mellerstadt’s edition of the Anatomy of Mondino, Leipzig, 1493. The scene is laid in the open air
Title-page of Mellerstadt’s edition of the Anatomy of Mondino, Leipzig, 1493. The scene is laid in the open air - A dissection scene
A dissection scene - Lioness and young, from an Ionian vase of the sixth century B. C
Lioness and young from an Ionian vase of the sixth century b. c. found at Caere in Southern Etruria (Louvre, Salle E, No. 298), from Le Dessin des Animaux en Grèce d’après les vases peints, by J. Morin, Paris (Renouard), 1911. The animal is drawing itself up to attack its hunters. The scanty mane, the form of the paws, the udders, and the dentition are all heavily though accurately represented. - A Clever Humming-bird
- A horse
A horse - Feeding a goat
Feeding a goat - Cow Parts
1 Chuck 2 Ribs 3 Loin 4 Rump 5 Round 6 Hind Shank 7 Flank 8 Navel End 9 Clod 10 Fore Shank 11 Brisket. - Two girls feeding a cow
Two girls feeding a cow - Jerboa
Jerboa - Naughty goat!!
Naughty goat!! - Milking a cow
Milking a cow - Boy and Girl feeding a horse
Boy and Girl feeding a horse - Partridges
Partridges - A calf
A calf - The Albatross
The Albatross - A Cow
A Cow - Pentapterygium serpens
This is one of five species of Himalayan plants which, until recently, were included in the genus vaccinium. The new name for them is ugly enough to make one wish that they were vacciniums still. Pentapterygium serpens is the most beautiful of the lot, and, so far as I know, this and P. rugosum are the only species in cultivation in England. The former was collected in the Himalayas about ten years ago by Captain Elwes, who forwarded it to Kew, where it grows and flowers freely under the same treatment as suits Cape heaths. - Pike
Pike - Pentapterygium serpens (flowers deep crimson)
In the wet season they push out new shoots, from which grow rapidly wands three or four feet long, clothed with box-like leaves, and afterward with numerous pendulous flowers. These are elegant in shape and richly colored. They are urn-shaped, with five ribs running the whole length of the corolla, and their color is bright crimson with deeper colored V-shaped veins, as shown in the illustration of the flowers of almost natural size. They remain fresh upon the plant for several weeks. The beautiful appearance of a well grown specimen when in flower may be seen from the accompanying sketch of the specimen at Kew, which was at its best in July, and remained in bloom until the middle of September. - Lankesterella ranarum (Lank.), the parasite of the red blood-corpuscles of the edible Frog
- The young of the common Eel and its metamorphosis
Drawings by Professor Grassi, of Rome, of the young of the common Eel and its metamorphosis. All of the natural size. The uppermost figure represents a transparent glass-like creature—which was known as a rare “find” to marine naturalists, and received the name Leptocephalus. Really it lives in vast numbers in great depths of the sea—five hundred fathoms and more. It is hatched here from the eggs of the common Eel which descends from the ponds, lakes, and rivers of Europe in order to breed in these great depths. The gradual change of the Leptocephalus into a young Eel or “Elver” is shown, and was discovered by Grassi. The young Eels leave the great depth of the ocean and ascend the rivers in immense shoals of many hundred thousand individuals, and wriggle their way up banks and rocks into the small streams and pools of the continent. - The Number of the Chromosomes
(a) Cell of the asexual generation of the cryptogam Pellia epiphylla: the nucleus is about to divide, a polar ray-formation is present at each end of the spindle-shaped nucleus, the chromosomes have divided into two horizontal groups each of sixteen pieces: sixteen is the number of the chromosomes of the ordinary tissue cells of Pellia. (b) Cell of the sexual generation of the same plant (Pellia) in the same phase of division, but with the reduced number of chromosomes—namely, eight in each half of the dividing nucleus. The completed cells of the sexual generation have only eight chromosomes. (c) Somatic or tissue cell of Salamander showing twenty-four ∨-shaped chromosomes, each of which is becoming longitudinally split as a preliminary to division. (d) Sperm-mother-cell from testis of Salamander, showing the reduced number of chromosomes of the sexual cells—namely, twelve; each is split longitudinally. (From original drawings by Prof. Farmer and Mr. Moore.) - Diagrammatic representation of the structures present in a typical cell
Diagrammatic representation of the structures present in a typical cell (after Wilson). Note the two centrosomes, sometimes single. - The unicellular parasite Benedenia, from the gut of the common Poulp or Octopus
The unicellular parasite Benedenia, from the gut of the common Poulp or Octopus. 1 is the normal male individual; 2 and 3 show stages in the production of spermatozoa on its surface by budding; 4, 5 and 6 show a female parasite with spermatozoa approaching it. - Trypanosoma Ziemanni, from the gut of the gnat
Trypanosoma Ziemanni, from the gut of the gnat - Various species of Trypanosoma from the blood of mammals, birds, and reptiles
Various species of Trypanosoma from the blood of mammals, birds, and reptiles. A. T. Lewisii, from the blood of rats; B. T. Brucei, the parasite of the Nagana or Tsetze-fly disease, found in the blood of horses, cattle, and big game; C. T. gambiense, the parasite causing Sleeping Sickness in man; D. T. equinum, which causes the mal de caderas in South American horse ranches; E. T. noctuæ, from the blood of the little owl, Athene noctua; F. T. avium, found in the blood of many birds; G. a species found in the blood of Indian pigeons; H. T. ziemanni, a second species from the blood of the little owl; J. T. damoniæ, from the blood of a tortoise; c.g., granules; v., vacuole; l.s., fold of the crest or undulating membrane. - The earliest discovered Trypanosome, described by Gruby in 1843
The earliest discovered Trypanosome, described by Gruby in 1843 as “Trypanosoma sanguinis” and found by him in the blood of the common esculent Frog. It was not noticed again until it was re-discovered by Lankester in 1871, who published the figure of it in the Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science in that year.