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Blood-Vascular System of the Horse
1. Heart, right ventricle.
2. Heart, left ventricle.
3. Heart, left auricle.
4. Pulmonary artery.
5. Pulmonary veins.
6. Anterior aorta.
7. Carotid artery.
8. Glosso-facial artery.
9. Left brachial artery.
10. Dorsal artery.
11. Superior cervical artery.
12. Vertebral artery.
12′.Internal thoracic artery.
13. Humeral artery.
14. Radial artery.
14′.Cubital artery.
15. Great metacarpal artery.
16. Ungual branches.
17. Posterior aorta.
18. Coeliac axis.
19. Mesenteric arteries.
20. Renal artery (left).
21. Small testicular artery.
22. Posterior vena cava.
23. Portal vein.
23´.Hepatic circulation.
24. External iliac artery.
25. Internal iliac artery.
26. Lateral sacral artery.
27. Femoral artery.
28. Posterior tibial artery.
28′. Anterior tibial artery.
28″. Femoro-popliteal artery.
29. Metatarsal vessels.
30. Venous plexus of the foot.
31. Internal saphenic vein.
32. Cephalic vein.
33. Jugular vein.
841 visits
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Digestive Apparatus of the Horse
1. Mouth.
2. Pharynx.
3. Œsophagus.
4. Diaphragm.
5. Spleen.
6. Stomach (left sac).
7. Duodenum.
8. Liver (upper extremity).
9. Great colon.
10. Cæcum.
11. Small intestine.
12. Floating colon.
13. Rectum.
14. Anus.
15. Left kidney and ureter.
16. Bladder.
17. Urethra.
a. Hard palate.
b. Tongue.
c. Soft palate.
d. Trachea.
e. Pulmonary artery (divided).
f. Heart.
g. Posterior aorta.
565 visits
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Muscles of the Horse.
Deep Layer.
1. Temporalis.
1. Stylo-maxillaris.
2. Rectus capitis anticus major.
3. Sterno-thyro-hyoideus.
4. Sterno-maxillaris.
5. The Trachea.
6. Scalenus.
7. Splenius.
8. Funicular part of ligamentum nuchæ.
9. Rhomboideus longus.
10.Cervical.
11.Cartilage of prolongation.
12.Rhomboideus brevis.
13.Transversalis costarum.
14.Longissimus dorsi.
15.Serratus Magnus.
16.External intercostals.
17.Internal intercostals.
18.Rectus abdominis.
19.Pectoralis magnus.
20.Postea-spinatus minor.
21.Flexor brachii.
22.Humeralis obliquus.
22´.Caput parvum (of triceps extensor brachii).
23.Extensor suffraginis.
24.Extensor metacarpi magnus divided.
25.Extensor metacarpi obliquus.
25´.Its tendon.
26, 28.Flexor pedis perforans and perforatus.
29.Obliquus abdominis internus.
30.Gluteus maximus.
31.Erector coccygis.
32.Curvator coccygis.
33.Depressor coccygis.
34.Rectus femoris.
35.Vastus externus.
36.Part covered by triceps abductor.
37.Biceps rotator tibialis.
38.Gastrocnemius externus.
39.Plantaris.
40.Flexor pedis perforans.
41.Peroneus.
42.Flexor metatarsi.
43.Extensor pedis (cut across).
560 visits
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Anatomy of the Foot.—This illustration represents the foot of a horse sawed from above the fetlock down through the center of the foot. It shows the structure of the foot, the name of each part being given according to number.
1. Lower end of large metacarpal, or cannon bone.
2. Bursa, which secretes the joint oil that lubricates the place where the tendon, or cord, on the front of the leg passes down over the front of the fetlock joint. This is important as it sometimes gets injured and becomes enlarged. It is then called a bursal enlargement, and is of the same nature as a wind gall.
3. Fetlock joint.
4. Os suffraginis, or large pastern bone.
5. Pastern joint. This joint is important; when diseased it is the seat of a high ringbone.
6. Os coronae or small pastern bone.
7. Coffin joint. This joint is important, for when it is diseased it is known as a low ringbone.
8. Wall of the hoof.
9. Os pedis, or coffin bone.
10. Sensitive wall, or quick of the foot.
11. Sensitive sole, or quick of the foot.
12. Frog of the foot, or horney frog.
13. Plantar cushion, or fatty frog.
14. Navicular bone. This is also important, for when diseased it is the seat of navicular, or coffin joint lameness.
15. Back tendons below the fetlock.
16. Sesamoid, or fetlock bones.
17. Skin.
18. Back tendons above the fetlock.
566 visits
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Skeleton of the Horse
1.Skull, or skeleton of the head.
2.Cervical vertebræ or neck bones.
3.Dorsal vertebræ or back bones.
4.Lumbar vertebræ or loin bones.
5.Sacral vertebræ or rump bones.
6.Coccygeal vertebræ or tail bones.
7.Pelvic or hip bones.
8.Sternum or breast bone.
9.Ribs.
10.Scapula or shoulder blade.
11.Humerus or shoulder bone.
12.Radius or bone of the fore-arm.
13.Ulna or bone of the fore-arm.
14.Carpus or bones of the knee.
15.Os Melacarpi Magnus, metacarpal, or cannon bone.
16.Ossa Melacarpi Parva, or splint bones.
17.Proximal Phalanx, os suffraginis, or large pastern bone.
18.Great Sesamoid Bones.
19.Medium Phalanx, os coronæ, or small pastern bone.
20.Distal Phalanx, os pedis, or coffin bone.
21.Os Naviculare, small sesamoid, or shuttle bone.
22.Femur, or thigh bone.
23.Patella, or stifle bone.
24.Tibia, or leg bone.
25.Fibula. (This bone is little developed in the horse.)
26.Tarsus or hock bones.
27.Metatarsus, or os metatarsi magnus.
28.Ossa Metatarsi Parva, or splint bones of the hind leg.
Names of joints placed according to numbers.
I. Shoulder Joint.
II. Elbow Joint.
III.Carpus or knee joint.
IV.Fetlock Joint.
V.Pastern Joint.
VI.Coffin Joint.
VII.Hip Joint.
VIII.Stifle Joint.
IX.Tarsus or hock joint.
577 visits
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1. Brain.
2. Spinal cord.
3. Brachial plexus.
4. Sacrolumbar plexus.
5. Pneumogastric.
6. Sciatic.
7. Sympathetic System.
8. Solar plexus.
621 visits
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Image 306
616 visits
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Lancer of the army of the Sultan of Begharmi
298 visits
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The caravan soon reached the gates of Kouka, where, after a journey extending over two months and a half, they were received by a body of cavalry 4000 strong, under perfect discipline. Amongst these troops was a corps of blacks forming the body-guard of the sheikh, whose equipments resembled those of ancient chivalry.
249 visits
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The Rubbish Carter
Technologically there are several varieties of “rubbish,” or rather “dirt,” for such appears to be the generic term, of which “rubbish” is strictly a species. Dirt, according to the understanding among the rubbish-carters, would seem to consist of any solid earthy matter, which is of an useless or refuse character. This dirt the trade divides into two distinct kinds, viz.:—
1. “Soft dirt,” or refuse clay (of which “dry dirt,” or refuse soil or mould, is a variety).
2. “Hard-dirt,” or “hard-core,” consisting of the refuse bricks, chimney-pots, slates, &c., when a house is pulled down, as well as the broken bottles, pans, pots, or crocks, and oyster-shells, &c., which form part of the contents of the dustman’s cart.
1476 visits
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Knight in War-harness, after a Miniature in a Psalter written and illuminated under Louis le Gros
301 visits
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The love for hunting wild animals, such as the wolf, bear, and boar (see chapter on Hunting), from an early date took the place of the animal combats as far as the court and the nobles were concerned. The people were therefore deprived of the spectacle of the combats which had had so much charm for them; and as they could not resort to the alternative of the chase, they treated themselves to a feeble imitation of the games of the circus in such amusements as setting dogs to worry old horses or donkeys, &c.
235 visits
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We must remember that travelling was no such simple and easy matter then as it is now. As the planters in Virginia usually lived on the banks of one of the many rivers, the simplest method of travel was by boat, up or down stream. There were cross-country roads, but these at best were rough, and sometimes full of roots and stumps. Often they were nothing more than forest paths. In trying to follow such roads the traveler at times lost his way and occasionally had to spend a night in the woods. But with even such makeshifts for roads, the planter had his lumbering old coach to which, on state occasions, he harnessed six horses and drove in great style.
592 visits
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A Pack Horse
708 visits
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The annexed is a portrait of a true Tartar horse, which seems to be pretty much of the same breed as those of the Cossacks. The Chinese horses are precisely of the same kind. In fact, no pains whatever appear to be taken either for improving the breed, or by attention to their food, cleanliness, or regular exercise, to increase the size, strength, or spirit of the animal. A currycomb, or any substitute for it, is unknown in China. Indeed horses are not much in use. Wherever the nature of the country admits of canals or navigable rivers, travelling and conveyance of every kind are principally performed on the water.
593 visits
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Of the Tartar horse another specimen has been given in this work. This represents a Tartar dragoon armed with the common instruments, the bow, and a short sabre. This corps is probably of little use beyond that of carrying dispatches, and assisting in the imperial hunts in the forests of Tartary. All the cavalry that were seen by the British Embassy had a mean, irregular, and most unsoldierlike appearance.
748 visits
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This machine, like a baker’s cart, is the kind of wheel carriage which is most common in the country, and such as even the high officers of state ride in, when performing land journies in bad weather, and the driver invariably sits on the shaft in the aukward manner here represented. They have no springs, nor any seat in the inside, the persons using them always sitting cross-legged on a cushion at the bottom. In these carts the gentlemen of Lord Macartney’s embassy who had not horses, were accommodated, over a stone pavement full of rutts and holes. When ladies use them, a bamboo screen is let down in front to prevent their being stared at by passengers, and on each side, the light is admitted through a square hole just large enough for a person’s head.
1130 visits
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The application of both straps
127 visits
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After the horse has learned to take hold readily of anything offered to him, which knowledge he will have acquired if he has already learned to perform the tricks heretofore mentioned, the only additional instruction necessary will be to initiate him into the mysteries of turning the handle. When he has taken hold of the handle, gently move his head so as to produce the desired motion. If, when you let go of his head, he ceases the motion, speak sharply to him and put his head again in motion. With almost any horse a few lessons, and judicious rewards when he does what is required, will accomplish the object, and he will soon both be able and willing to grind out Old Dog Tray, or Norma, if not in exact time at least with as much correctness as many performers on this instrument.
307 visits
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The Horse lying down
134 visits
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Horses may be taught many amusing tricks, some of which are really wonderful. For teaching horses tricks the implements known as the Rarey straps are requisite, to teach the animal to lie down, etc. The piebald or spotted horses are generally supposed by trainers to be more tractable as well as to possess more talent than others.
138 visits
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A common breaching strap is used to strap up the foot. For using, open the loop, keeping the buckle on the outside, put the loop over foot, then raise foot and pass the strap around the fore-arm from the inside, and buckle it tight; this holds the foot up firmly.
136 visits
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The word “whoa” should be used only to stop a horse when he is in motion. Never use it when you approach a horse standing quietly. Horses soon learn to distinguish any word often addressed to them, and they should learn to associate it with some definite and exact duty which you wish them to perform. If any word of command is used indiscriminately, or out of its proper place, the animal becomes confused and loses the association between the word and the object desired.
To teach a horse the meaning of the word “whoa,” the arrangement shown in the accompanying illustration may be used. Put the large web, previously described, around his near fore foot, pass it under the girth; and as the animal walks along, pull up the foot, saying at the same instant, “Whoa.” He will be brought to a stop, and by repeating the lesson he will soon raise the foot and stop even though the web is not pulled upon
152 visits
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One of the most common tricks displayed in circuses, and one which is usually hailed with applause, is what is termed the “pedestal” trick. A stout platform is used, to which is attached a wooden “drum” some two feet in height, out of which projects a wooden rod or post at a slight angle. The horse first steps upon the platform, then places one fore foot upon the drum, and lastly places his other fore foot upon the point of the projecting post. In this position a handsome animal forms a really beautiful picture, and the effect is sometimes enhanced by having a number of men raise the platform upon their shoulders, and bear the horse, high up above the heads of the spectators, like some equestrian statue, around the ring.
138 visits
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Preparing to lie down
111 visits
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Put the cord upon the horse, using the small loop; draw it with a steady pull; this brings the horse’s nose toward his body. Keep a firm hold upon the cord until he steps back a little, using at the same time the word “back.” Then caress him; by doing so you show him that he has done exactly as you wished him to, and the caresses should be repeated every time he obeys.
159 visits
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The long strap is the one which buckles around the foot. To a ring in this is buckled another strap seven or eight feet long. This is attached to the right foot and passes under the girth, or over the back. Its use is to raise the foot when you wish to bring the horse upon his knees.
121 visits
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An amusing scene often enacted in the ring is to have a horse 48seated on his haunches before a table, while the clown obsequiously serves him. A bell is attached to the table, so arranged that the horse can ring it by pulling at a bit of rag, and as the horse is almost continually ringing the bell, and the clown makes apparently frantic efforts to answer this summons each time, while bringing in plates, etc., a vast amount of laughter is usually created.
130 visits
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The common horses ridden by circus performers require some training before they are available in the “circle,” though it is slight compared with the instructions of the “trick” horses. The main thing is to break them to trot evenly and steadily around the ring.
130 visits
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Bringing the horse to his knees
133 visits
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Archaic Horses and Chariots (from an archaic Greek Vase)
222 visits
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Samnite Warriors (From painted vases)
The Romans completely beaten by the Samnites at the battle of the Caudine Forks
355 visits
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Black Horse
243 visits
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Blacksmith shoeing horse
419 visits
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Brown horse and foal
309 visits
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Brown Horse
227 visits
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Bucked off
229 visits
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Bucking Horse
233 visits
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Child looking after horse
308 visits
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Feeding Time
342 visits
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Frightened Horse
238 visits
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Horse affection
238 visits
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Horse and cart with dog driver
329 visits
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Horse and dogs ready for a ride
363 visits
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Horse and Foal
323 visits
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Horse and sheep show
310 visits
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Horse cantering
236 visits
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Horse drinking
244 visits
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Horse family
432 visits
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Horse Head
255 visits
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Horse in stall
259 visits
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Horse in stall
270 visits
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Horse legs
262 visits
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Horse staying by his owner
344 visits
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Horse with feedbag
359 visits
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Horse
258 visits
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Horse
286 visits
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Horses Drinking
274 visits
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Horses in stall
269 visits
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Horses running in snow
268 visits
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Hunting with the dogs
370 visits
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Man with two horses
365 visits
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Horse reaching for some leaves on rather barren tree
357 visits
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Prancing Horse
265 visits
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Rodeo Rider
288 visits
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Soldier on horse
297 visits
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Speckled horse
307 visits
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Horse carrying a dog in its mouth
441 visits
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Meeting at the crossroads - Two men on horses, one with a gun
207 visits
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Car driving by horses on the road
506 visits
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The illuminators are never tired of representing battles and sieges; and the general impression which we gather from them is that a mediæval combat must have presented to the lookers-on a confused melée of rushing horses and armoured men in violent action, with a forest of weapons overhead—great swords, and falchions, and axes, and spears, with pennons fluttering aloft here and there in the breeze of the combat.[Pg 376] We almost fancy we can see the dust caused by the prancing horses, and hear the clash of weapons and the hoarse war-cries, and sometimes can almost hear the shriek which bursts from the maddened horse, or the groan of the man who is wounded and helpless under the trampling hoofs.
665 visits
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Squires are unarmed, and mature men of rather heavy type, different from the gay and gallant youths whom we are apt to picture to ourselves as the squires of the days of chivalry attendant on noble knights adventurous.
491 visits
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We give here, from the St. Alban’s Book, a woodcut of an abbot on horseback, with a hat over his hood—“an abbot on an ambling pad;” he is giving his benediction in return to the salute of some passing traveller.
621 visits
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The illustration may represent to us the merry Sir Dinadan driving to the tournament of the Castle of Maidens
651 visits
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Defending the Bridge
620 visits
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It represents a sally of the garrison of Nantes on the English, who are besieging it. The man-at-arms who lies prostrate under the horse-hoofs is one of the garrison, who has been pierced by the spear whose truncheon lies on the ground beside him.
The unarmed man on the left is one of the English party, in ordinary civil costume, apparently only a spectator of the attack.
1025 visits
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The woodcut represents “howe a mighty Duke chalenged Erle Richard for his lady sake, and in justyng slewe the Duke and then the Empresse toke the Erle’s staff and bear from a knight shouldre, and for great love and fauvr she sette it on her shouldre. Then Erle Richard made one of perle and p’cious stones, and offered her that, and she gladly and lovynglee reseaved it.” The picture shows the Duke and Earl in the crisis of the battle.
711 visits
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Jousting
2860 visits
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The cut is a spirited little sketch of a mounted knight. The horse, it may be admitted, is very like those which children draw nowadays, but it has more life in it than most of the drawings of that day; and the way in which the knight sits his horse is much more artistic. The picture shows the equipment of the knight very clearly, and it is specially valuable as an early example of horse trappings, and as an authority for the shape of the saddle, with its high pommel and croupe.
6449 visits
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Knight of the Fifteenth Century
2003 visits
