- Early Latium
- Racial Types (after Champollion)
From Egyptian Tomb paintings - Campaigns of Alexander the Great
- Chinese Empire, Tang Dynasty
- Constantinople
- Break-up of Alexander’s Empire
- Eastern Roman Empire
- Growth of Macedonia under Philip
- Galilee
- Bronze Age Implements
Bronze Age Implements - Diagram to Illustrate the Riddle of The Piltdown Sub-man.
Diagram to Illustrate the Riddle of The Piltdown Sub-man. - Some Oligocene Mammals
Some Oligocene Mammals - Neolithic Implements
Finally, perhaps as early as 3000 years ago in Europe, and even{v1-107} earlier in Asia Minor, men began to smelt iron. Once smelting was known to men, there is no great marvel in the finding of iron. They smelted iron by blowing up a charcoal fire, and wrought it by heating and hammering. They produced it at first in comparatively small pieces; its appearance worked a gradual revolution{v1-108} in weapons and implements; but it did not suffice to change the general character of men’s surroundings. Much the same daily life that was being led by the more settled Neolithic men 10,000 years ago was being led by peasants in out-of-the-way places all over Europe at the beginning of the eighteenth century. People talk of the Stone Age, the Bronze Age, and the Iron Age in Europe, but it is misleading to put these ages as if they were of equal importance in history. Much truer is it to say that there was: (1) An Early Palæolithic Age, of vast duration; (2) a Later Palæolithic Age, that lasted not a tithe of the time; and (3) the Age of Cultivation, the age of the white men in Europe, which began 10,000 or at most 12,000 years ago, of which the Neolithic Period was the beginning, and which is still going on. - Possible Development of Languages
The students of languages (philologists) tell us that they are unable to trace with certainty any common features in all the languages of mankind. They cannot even find any elements common to all the Caucasian languages. They find over great areas groups of languages which have similar root words and similar ways of expressing the same idea, but then they find in other areas languages which appear to be dissimilar down to their fundamental structure, which express action and relation by entirely dissimilar devices, and have an altogether different grammatical scheme. - Asia and Europe - Life of the Period (Map)
Asia and Europe - Life of the Period (Map) - Time-chart 6000 B.C. to A.D.
Time-chart 6000 B.C. to A.D. - Astronomical Variations Affecting Climate
Astronomical Variations Affecting Climate - Europe and Western Asia in the Later Palæolithic Age
Europe and Western Asia in the Later Palæolithic Age - Aryan-speaking Peoples 1000-500 B.C. (Map)
Aryan-speaking Peoples 1000-500 B.C. (Map) - The Great Yerkes Telescope
Great telescope at the Yerkes Observatory of the University of Chicago, Williams Bay, Wisconsin, U.S.A. It was erected in 1896–7, and is the largest refracting telescope in the world. Diameter of object-glass, 40 inches; length of telescope, about 60 feet. The object-glass was made by the firm of Alvan Clark and Sons, of Cambridge, Massachusetts; the other portions of the instrument by the Warner and Swasey Co., of Cleveland, Ohio. - Showing how the Tail of a Comet is directed away from the Sun
hese mysterious visitors to our skies come up into view out of the immensities beyond, move towards the sun at a rapidly increasing speed, and, having gone around it, dash away again into the depths of space. As a comet approaches the sun, its body appears to grow smaller and smaller, while, at the same time, it gradually throws out behind it an appendage like a tail. As the comet moves round the central orb this tail is always directed away from the sun; and when it departs again into space the tail goes in advance. As the comet's distance from the sun increases, the tail gradually shrinks away and the head once more grows in size (see Fig. 18). In consequence of these changes, and of the fact that we lose sight of comets comparatively quickly, one[Pg 249] is much inclined to wonder what further changes may take place after the bodies have passed beyond our ken. - Early Pleistocene Animals, Contemporary with Earliest Man
Geologists make certain main divisions of the Cainozoic period, and it will be convenient to name them here and to indicate their climate. First comes the Eocene (dawn of recent life), an age of exceptional warmth in the world’s history, subdivided into an older and newer Eocene; then the Oligocene (but little of recent life), in which the climate was still equable. The Miocene (with living species still in a minority) was the great age of mountain building, and the general temperature was falling. In the Pliocene (more living than extinct species), climate was very much at its present phase; but with the Pleistocene (a great majority of living species) there set in a long period of extreme conditions—it was the Great Ice Age. - Ni-co-man
Among the Delawares was a chief, who bade fair to equal in fame, the most distinguished of his predecessors. Not many moons before, Ni-co-man had awakened from a dream of conquest and beheld, in the pale light, a shadowy figure wrapped in a blanket of snowy white. - Map of the Moon
In this picture the South will be found at the top of the picture; such being the view given by the ordinary astronomical telescope, in which all objects are seen inverted. - Cro-magnon Man
In the grotto of Cro-Magnon it was that complete skeletons of one main type of these Newer Palæolithic men, these true men, were first found, and so it is that they are spoken of as Cro-Magnards. - Bison
Bison - Later State of Alexander’s Empire
Later State of Alexander’s Empire - Rat Beaver
A large part of the temperate regions of South America is the homeland of this animal important to the pelterij trade. The Rat Beavers are located in almost all countries. In the La-Plata States, in Buenos Ayres, Patagonia and the middle part of Chile, they are widespread everywhere. - Relationship of Human Races (Diagrammatic Summary)
- Jumping Hare or Earthman
The Jumping Hare inhabits shabby tracts and even desert-like steppes. It has spread over much of South Africa, occurs in the west at least to the width of Angola and in the east certainly still in German East Africa. In cape land it is very frequent in some places, as in mountain regions as in open plains, sometimes these animals are found in such a large number that they form real colonies. In a similar way to his relatives, he digs subterranean long-aisle dwellings, which are usually heavily branched and located at a short distance from the surface and lead to a larger depth. Usually such a dwelling serves up residence to several couples, yes even to whole families. - Map of Europe 50,000 Years Ago
Possible Map of Europe 50,000 Years Ago - The Shawnee Prophet
The Shawnee Prophet - Hellenic Races 1000-800 B.C. (Map)
Hellenic Races 1000-800 B.C. (Map) - Orbit and Phases of an Inferior Planet
Corresponding views of the same situations of an Inferior Planet as seen from the Earth, showing consequent phases and alterations in apparent size. - The comet of 1066, as represented in the Bayeux Tapestry
We have mentioned Halley's Comet of 1682, and how it revisits the neighbourhood of the earth at intervals of seventy-six years. The comet of 1066 has for many years been supposed to be Halley's Comet on one of its visits. The identity of these two, however, was only quite recently placed beyond all doubt by the investigations of Messrs Cowell and Crommelin. This comet appeared also in 1456, when John Huniades was defending Belgrade against the Turks led by Mahomet II., the conqueror of Constantinople, and is said to have paralysed both armies with fear. - Hesperornis
Reptilian, wingless, water bird - Great Telescope of Hevelius
This instrument, 150 feet in length, with a skeleton tube, was constructed by the celebrated seventeenth century astronomer, Hevelius of Danzig. From an illustration in the Machina Celestis. The attempts to construct large telescopes of the Galilean type met in course of time with a great difficulty. The magnified image of the object observed was not quite pure; its edges, indeed, were fringed with rainbow-like colours. This defect was found to be aggravated with increase in the size of object-glasses. A method was, however, discovered of diminishing this colouration, or chromatic aberration as it is called from the Greek word χρῶμα (chroma), which means colour, viz. by making telescopes of great length and only a few inches in width. But the remedy was, in a way, worse than the disease; for telescopes thus became of such huge proportions as to be too unwieldy for use. Attempts were made to evade this unwieldiness by constructing them with skeleton tubes. - Field Mouse and Wood Mouse
Field Mouse and Wood Mouse - No Fool
Wa-hon-ga-shee (No Fool) There had been frequent, hard-fought battles with the Pawnees, who, being superior in numbers, had usually obtained the victory. However, the Great Spirit punished them when, at last, a small band was discovered, just at nightfall, by a strong party of Kaws. Revenge, always sweet to the barbarian, was now assured. Surrounding the foe under cover of darkness, the Kaws, commanded by Wa-hon-ga-shee (No Fool), waited patiently for daylight. - Serapis
This trinity consisted of the god Serapis (= Osiris + Apis), the goddess Isis (= Hathor, the cow-moon goddess), and the child-god Horus. In one way or another almost every other god was identified with one or other of these three aspects of the one God, even the sun god Mithras of the Persians. - Red-Rumped Agouti
The Agouti are now small or small groups united in forest-rich plains, especially in the densest forests of the river valleys; some are in the mountains up to an altitude of 2000 M. - Australian Lung Fish
- European Ground Squirrel
European Ground Squirrel - Prairie dog
The name "Prairie Dog," which has gradually been given civil rights, was given to this animal by the old Canadian trappers or fur hunters, who discovered it, and whose attention was drawn mainly by the barking sound, which makes it heard. In his external appearance is nothing, which reminds the Dog. His vast abodes, which, because of their size, are called "villages", are regularly found on somewhat low-lying meadows, where an ornate grass species forms a beautiful carpet and also makes it easy for the animals to obtain food. - Muskrat
The Muskrat inhabits the countries of North America, which are located between 30 and 60° N.B. This animal is most common in water-rich Canada and Alaska. The grassy banks of great lakes or of wide, slow-flowing rivers, of silent streams and marshes, are the abodes of this highly sought-after Rat for its fur; prefers to settle on the sides of not too large, reed-covered ponds. - Rabbit
Rabbit - Roman Empire in Time of Trajan
- Squirrel
The Squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris) is one of the few Rodents, with which man has befriended, and which he, in spite of some unpleasant qualities, gladly adopts as a roommate, even in the eyes of the poet has a graceful stature. This was already felt by the Greeks, to whom we borrowed the scientific name of the Squirrel. - Baseball player throwing the ball
Baseball player throwing the ball - Australia and the Western Pacific in the Glacial Age
Australia and the Western Pacific in the Glacial Age - Gopher
Gopher - Edible Dormouse and Garden Dormouse
Edible Dormouse and Garden Dormouse - Hare Mouse
The Hare Mouse depicted on this page (Lagidium Cuvieri) inhabits the high plains of southern Peru and Bolivia and is close to the stature and size of a Rabbit. Her coat is very soft and long-haired. - Marmot
The Marmot (Arctomys marmota)can, including the 11 cM. longtail, a length of 62 cM. at a shoulder height of 15 cM. Through stature and physique she resembles her relatives. The hair, which consists of short wool hair and longer upper hair, is dense, abundant and quite long; the colour is brown-black at the top to a greater or lesser extent, broken on the crown and back by some whitish dots, in the neck, at the root of the tail and at the whole underside dark reddish brown, on the legs, the sides of the torso and at the rear even lighter, at the snout and at the feet rust yellowish white. - Lagomys
Lagomys - Porcupine
The Porcupine lives lonely. Over the day it rests in long, low corridors, which digs it itself into the ground; at night it occurs and wanders around to look for food. This consists of all kinds of vegetable substances, thistles and other herbs, roots and fruits, the bark of different trees and many types of leaves. It bites off its food with the front teeth and holds it with the forelegs, as long as it eats. - Desert jumping mouse
Although these animals are numerous in the regions they inhabited, they are rarely seen here. They cannot be called shy, but they are restless and fearful and go to their burrows at the slightest, and as soon as they see a foreign object, as possible, to their burrows. - Alpine hare or Snow Hare
The Alpine hare or Snow Hare (Lepus timidus, L. variabilis) differs by physique and appearance clearly from the Gewonen Haas. "He is," says Tschudi, "more cheerful, livelier, three-star, has a shorter, rounder, more curvaceous head, a shorter nose, smaller ears (which, pressed against the head, do not reach to the spire of the snout). - A Tubeless, or 'Aerial' Telescope
From an illustration in the Opera Varia of Christian Huyghens. Attempts were made to evade this unwieldiness by constructing them with skeleton tubes. or , indeed, even without tubes at all; the object-glass in the tubeless or "aerial" telescope being fixed at the top of a high post, and the eye-piece, that small lens or combination of lenses, which the eye looks directly into, being kept in line with it by means of a string and manœuvred about near the ground. The idea of a telescope without a tube may appear a contradiction in terms; but it is not really so, for the tube adds nothing to the magnifying power of the instrument, and is, in fact, no more than a mere device for keeping the object-glass and eye-piece in a straight line, and for preventing the observer from being hindered by stray lights in his neighbourhood. It goes without saying, of course, that the image of a celestial object will be more clear and defined when examined in the darkness of a tube. - Hare
The members of the genus Hare (Lepus)are distinguished by ears, which are almost as long as the head, by the shortness of the thumb of the forefeet, the large length of the hind legs (almost double those of the forelegs), the upward-facing tail stump, and the 6 molars in each upper jaw half (in the lower jaw there are 5 on each side).