Administering holy communion with the Housel cloth
From a 14th century manuscript
An Abbot
The different kinds of religious men have already been mentioned from archbishops and abbots to the scurrilous impostors who used a religious exterior to rob poor people, at whose expense they lived well a wandering, loose, hypocritical life. In York, there were monks and friars, cathedral, parochial, and chantry priests, and clerks. The monastic life was a recognised profession.
Ancienne Habitation à Bourges
Ancienne Porte du Palais de Justice
Archery
Of physical games archery was the most practised. This was the national physical exercise, one which had helped the English soldiers to gain a great reputation for themselves, as at Agincourt (1415). At York the "butts," where men practised archery, were outside the city walls.
Armes Symboliques de la Ville de Paris
Bain-froid Chevrier
Charles Meryon, 1858. By Léopold Flameng
Charles Meryon. By Félix Bracquemond
Collège Henri IV
Cooking with the spit
Rooms were furnished with chairs, tables, benches, chests, bedsteads, and, in some cases, tub-shaped baths. Carpets were to be found only in the houses of the very wealthy. The floors of ordinary houses, like those of churches, were covered with rushes and straw, among which it was the useful custom to scatter fragrant herbs. This rough carpet was pressed by the clogs of working people and the shoes of the fashionable. The spit was a much used cooking utensil. Table-cloths, knives, and spoons were in general use, but not the fork before the fifteenth century. At one time food was manipulated by the fingers. York was advanced in table manners, for it is known that a fork was used in the house of a citizen family here in 1443. The richer members of the middle class owned a large number of silver tankards, goblets, mazer-bowls, salt-cellars and similar utensils and ornaments of silver, for this was a common form in which they held their wealth.
Entrée du Couvent des Capucins à Athènes
L. J.-Marie Bizeul
La Galerie Notre-Dame
La Morgue
La Pompe Notre-Dame
La Rue des Mauvais Garçons
La Salle des Pas-perdus à l’ancien Palais-de-Justice
La Tour de L’Horloge
Le Ministère de la Marine
Le Ministère de la Marine -fifth state
Le Petit Pont
Le Pont-au-Change
Le Pont-au-Change vers 1784, d’après Nicolle
Le Pont-Neuf
Le Pont-Neuf et la Samaritaine
Le Stryge
L’Abside de Notre-Dame de Paris
L’Ancien Louvre, d’après une peinture de Zeeman
L’Arche du Pont Notre-Dame
Nouvelle-Calédonie
Océanie, Pêche aux Palmes
Partie de la Cité vers la Fin du XVIIᵉ Siècle
Porte d’un ancien Couvent à Bourges
Reaper in Gaul (70 AD)
The accompanying cut is a good restoration of the Gallic harvester of Pliny's day. Palladius wrote the De re Rustica in the fourth century A. D. and gives a good description of this contrivance, which was similar to our "heading-machines," having a row of sharp teeth at the front edge, between which the straw passed, the head being torn off at the angle where the teeth met, and falling into the box of the machine. The description of Palladius is as follows: —" In the plains of Gaul, they use this quick way of reaping, and without reapers cut large fields with an ox in one day. For this purpose a machine is made, carried upon two wheels; the square surface has boards erected at the side, which sloping outward, make a wider space above; the board on the fore part is lower than the others; upon it there are a great many small teeth, wide set in a row, answering to the hight of the can of the corn, and turned upward at the ends; on the back part of this machine two short shafts are fixed, like the poles of a litter; to these an ox is yoked with his head to the machine, and the yoke and traces likewise turned the contrary way: he is well trained, and does not go faster than he is driven. When this machine is pushed through the standing corn, all the ears are comprehended by the teeth, and heaped up in the hollow part of it, being cut off from the straw, which is left behind; the driver setting it higher or lower, as he finds it necessary; and thus, by a few goings and returnings, the whole field is reaped. This machine does very well in plain and smooth fields, and in places where there is no necessity for feeding with straw."
Rue des Chantres
Rue des Chantres -b
Rue des Toiles à Bourges
Rue Pirouette aux Halles (D.49), third state
Saint-Etienne-du-Mont
Tourelle de la Rue de la Tixéranderie
Tourelle de la Rue de L’Ecole.-de-Médecine
Tourelle de la Rue de L’Ecole.-de-Médecine b
York in the 15th Century
To-day mediæval buildings are to be found all over England. The majority of them are examples of an architecture that has not been surpassed for majesty, beauty, size, and constructional skill. Such buildings, without the help of the literary and other memorials, testify by themselves to the greatness of the Middle Ages.