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- Blundell’s Impellor
A more general interest in the subject was revived in England by the work of James Blundell, lecturer on physiology and midwifery at St. Thomas’s and Guy’s Hospitals. He published in 1818 his earliest paper on experimental transfusion with a special form of syringe invented by himself. His first apparatus consisted of a funnel-shaped receptacle for the blood, connected by a two-way tap with a syringe from which the blood was injected through a tube and cannula into the recipient. His experiments were[11] performed upon dogs, and he began by drawing blood from the femoral artery and re-injecting it into the same animal through the femoral vein. He then conducted a long series of investigations into the properties of blood, the effects of its withdrawal, and the resuscitation of an exsanguinated animal. Soon he had opportunities of transfusing patients with human blood, and the results are recorded in his paper of 1824. His apparatus had by then been elaborated, and an engraving of his Impellor, as he termed it, is reproduced here. It consisted as before of a funnel-shaped receptacle for the blood, but the syringe was now incorporated in one side of the funnel, and contained a complicated system of spring valves, which caused the blood to travel along the delivery tube when the piston was pushed down. The Impellor was fixed to the back of a chair in order to give it stability. - Kimpton-Brown Tube
Whole Blood Transfusion with Kimpton’s Tube. The principle of this method depends upon the use of paraffin wax as a coating for the vessel into which the blood is drawn, so that clotting is prevented or greatly delayed. The form of the vessel has been modified by different workers, but the essentials are the same in each. One form of the apparatus, known as the Kimpton-Brown tube, is illustrated in the accompanying diagram. It consists of a graduated glass cylinder, of about 700 cc. capacity, the lower end of which is drawn out into a cannula point at an acute angle with the body of the cylinder; the point is of a size convenient for introducing into a vein and its bore large enough to allow of a free flow of blood through it. Near the upper end is a side tube to which a rubber tube can be attached, and an opening at the top is closed by a rubber bung. An ordinary rubber double-bulb bellows is the only other apparatus that is needed. - Drawing Blood for Transfusion
When the donor’s arm has been congested by gripping it above the elbow, or better by the application of a tourniquet drawn to the requisite degree of tightness, a suitable vein, usually the median basilic, is chosen. The area of puncture is washed with ether and a very small quantity, 2 to 3 minims, of 2 per cent. novocain is introduced over the vein with a hypodermic syringe. If a larger quantity is used, the vein may become obscured, but this small amount may be dispersed by a few moments’ pressure with the finger, and is usually enough to anæsthetize the very small area of skin that is to be operated upon. A tiny cut in the skin is then made with the point of a scalpel, and the needle is pushed through into the vein. - Druids
ALTHOUGH these Britons did not worship images, they believed that there were many gods and their religion was very different from that which is taught us in the Bible. They had priests who were called DRUIDS, who lived mostly in the forests, and taught the people that the Oak was a sacred tree. They worshipped the mistletoe, a plant which grows on the branches of the oak and on other trees. This mistletoe was cut off every year, with a golden knife, by the chief Druid, amid great rejoicing, and was very carefully preserved. The priests wore white linen robes, and let their beards grow very long to distinguish them from the rest of the people. The savages obeyed them because they knew more than anybody else, and tried to find out medicines to cure those who were ill. They used various means to make the people give them presents. On a certain day, at the beginning of winter, they obliged all persons to put out their fires, and light them again from the fire of the sacred altar, telling them, that by so doing they would have good fortune throughout the year; but if any one did not act as they wished, they would not allow him to enter their temples, and his friends were forbidden to give him any help. - Mounted Crossbowman, with Cranequin crossbow, and a quarrel in his hat
Doubtless on the coasts of Scandinavia and North Germany, the chief home of these composite crossbows after the time of the Crusades, whalebone was easily obtainable, whilst in other parts of the Continent, the pieces which formed the heart of the bow, were made from the straightened horn of an animal. This ancient form of crossbow with a composite bow, survived in an improved form in Scandinavia and in the north of Europe, as a weapon of sport and war, till about 1460, or for nearly a hundred years after the far superior crossbow with a thick steel bow and a windlass had been in use in France, Spain and Italy. Some of these later weapons were made so strong in the fifteenth century, that after the invention of the powerful cranequin for bending steel bows, this apparatus was also employed for bending the composite bow - Mr. Higginson’s Transfusion Instrument
Mr. Higginson’s Transfusion Instrument Although some of the early experiments on blood transfusion had been done in England, and although its revival [14]in the nineteenth century was initiated in England, yet it is to be noticed that most of the references to it up to 1874 are to be found in the works of Continental writers. Nevertheless, an important modification was introduced into the technique of the operation in 1857 by Higginson, who applied the principle of a rubber syringe with ball-valves for transferring the blood from the receptacle into which it was drawn, to the vein of the recipient. This apparatus is illustrated here, as it is of some interest in the history of medicine. A is a metallic cup, of 6-oz. capacity, to receive the supply of blood. B an outer casing, which will hold 5 oz. of hot water, introduced through an aperture at C. D is a passage leading into an elastic barrel, composed of vulcanized india-rubber, E, of which the capacity is 1 oz. F′ the exit for the blood into the injection-pipe G. At D and F there are ball-valves, capable of closing the upper openings when thrown up against them, but leaving the lower openings always free. The blood, or other fluid, poured into the cup A, has free power to run unobstructed through D, E, F; a small plug H is therefore provided to close the lower aperture F when necessary. The tube G is of vulcanized india-rubber, and terminates in a metal tube O for insertion into the vein. - Diagram Showing Adaptation to the 'Large-Wheeled Tractor' Idea
The genesis of the “large-wheeled tractor” was as follows: Trenches with a parados and parapet about 4 ft. high were being constructed by the enemy in Flanders. The engineers consulted by the Land Ship Committee gave it as their considered opinion that if these obstacles were to be crossed, a wheel of not less than 15 ft. diameter would be necessary. Machines with these gigantic wheels were actually ordered, but the wooden model that was knocked together as a preliminary at once convinced even its best friends that the design was fantastic, and that any machine of the kind would be little better than useless on account of its conspicuousness and vulnerability. However, the “big wheel” idea did not utterly die, for in the upturned snout of the Mark I. Tank we have, as it were, its “toe” preserved, the track turning sharply back at about axle level, instead of mounting uselessly skyward, as would have been the case had not the old wheel idea been supplanted by that of the sliding track. - Queen Elizabeth’s Travelling Coach
Queen Elizabeth travelled in a coach, either the one built by Walter Rippon or that brought by Boonen (who, by the way, was appointed her coachman), on some of her royal progresses through the kingdom. When she visited Warwick in 1572, at the request of the High Bailiff she “caused every part and side of the coach to be opened that all her subjects present might behold her, which most gladly they desired.” The vehicle which could thus be opened on “every part and side” is depicted incidentally in a work executed by Hoefnagel in 1582, which Markland believed to be probably the first engraved representation of an English coach. As will be seen from the reproduction here given, the body carried a roof or canopy on pillars, and the intervening spaces could be closed by means of curtains. - The water tank
The water tank is seen frequently along the route of the railroads and plenty of water must be taken on and carried in the engine tender to make steam which is the power used to drive the big engines. - Walther pistol
- Flight of Princess Ermengarde
Carriage used about 1300-1350 in Flanders. Carriages were in use on the continent long before they were employed in England. In 1294, Philip the Fair of France issued an edict whose aim was the suppression of luxury; under this ordinance the wives of citizens were forbidden to use carriages, and the prohibition appears to have been rigorously enforced. They were used in Flanders during the first half of the fourteenth century; an ancient Flemish chronicle in the British Museum (Royal MSS. 16,[9] F. III.) contains a picture of the flight of Ermengarde, wife of Salvard, Lord of Rouissillon. - An observation train
An observation train is often made up to follow the great college boat races, where the railroad runs along the river bank. Flat cars are used with seats fixed on them for the spectators. - M249 5.56 mm Machine Gun
- Shooting rabbits with the crossbow
Joannes Stradanus, born at Bruges 1536, died at Florence 1605, a Flemish historical painter who delighted in portraying all kinds of sport, such as shooting, hunting, fishing and coursing, which he did with wonderful skill and in most realistic fashion. This picture is reduced from ' Venationes Ferarum,' a work consisting of 105 large plates of sporting scenes, dated 1578. The hunters carry stonebows, and the rabbits are being driven from their burrows by smoke and fire. Purse nets and stop nets may also be seen in use. - M249 Machine Gun
- Albany Run-a-bout, Model 2, 4–6 H. P
Albany Run-a-bout, Model 2, 4–6 H. P. Albany Automobile Co., Albany, Ind. PRICE: $300; with top BODY: Piano box SEATS: 2 persons WEIGHT: 500 pounds WHEEL-BASE: 62 inches TREAD: 52 inches TIRES, FRONT: 30 × 1¼ in., solid TIRES, REAR: 32 × 1¼ in., solid STEERING: Hand lever or tiller BRAKES: Foot brake on transmission SPRINGS: Full elliptic FRAME: Angle steel BORE: 4½ in.; STROKE: 4 in. CYLINDERS: 1, vertical, in front VALVE ARRANGEMENT: 3 port, side valves MOTOR SUSPENSION: From side members of frame COOLING: Water; pump IGNITION: Jump spark CURRENT SUPPLY: Dry battery CARBURETER: Universal; automatic mixture regulation LUBRICATION: Sight feed pressure MOTOR-CONTROL: Spark and throttle TRANSMISSION: Friction CHANGE SPEEDS: Slide of friction disk SPEEDS: 2 to 10 miles and reverse CHANGE-SPEED CONTROL: Side lever DRIVE: Center chain on differential sprocket - Norman Crossbowmen
- Crossbowman approaching game
Crossbowman approaching game by means of a stalkig horse - Mounted Crossbowman
A troop of mounted crossbowmen, of special skill and courage, usually formed the bodyguard of the king, and attended him in battle. Mounted crossbowmen were largely employed on the Continent in the fourteenth, and first half of the fifteenth century, and these men were usually allowed one and sometimes even two horses apiece, besides being supplied, when on the march, with carts to carry their crossbows and quarrels - Aurora, Model 'A,' 14–16 H.P
Aurora, Model "A," 14–16 H.P. Aurora Motor Works, North Aurora, Ill. PRICE: $650 BODY: Runabout body SEATS: 2 passengers WEIGHT: 1,000 pounds WHEEL-BASE: 80 inches TREAD: 56 inches TIRES, FRONT: 34 × 2 inches TIRES, REAR: 34 × 2 inches STEERING: Wheel steer; pinion gear BRAKES: Rear hub band brakes and transmission brakes SPRINGS: Half elliptical, front; full elliptical, rear FRAME: Angle steel BORE: 4½ in.; STROKE: 4 in. CYLINDERS: Double opposed horizontal, under hood VALVE ARRANGEMENT: Inlet and exhaust on opposite sides of motor MOTOR SUSPENSION: 3 point suspension COOLING: Water; triangular tube special radiator; thermo-siphon IGNITION: Jump spark CURRENT SUPPLY: Dry batteries CARBURETER: Holly LUBRICATION: Automatic force feed MOTOR-CONTROL: Spark and throttle on steering column CLUTCH: Cone CHANGE GEAR: Planetary transmission SPEEDS: 2 forward and 1 reverse CHANGE-GEAR CONTROL: Side lever DRIVE: Shaft driven - The Stage coach
The Stage coach is used in the country where towns are few. The stages meet trains at the stations and take on passengers to be carried to their homes away from the railroad. Some of the stage routes are several hundred miles long. - Buggyabout, Model C, 14 H.P
"Buggyabout," Model C, 14 H.P. Hatfield Motor Vehicle Co., Cortland, N. Y. PRICE: $750 BODY: Piano box convertible to commercial wagon SEATS: 4 persons WEIGHT: 900 pounds WHEEL-BASE: 101 inches TREAD: 56 inches TIRES, FRONT: 38 × 1½ inches TIRES, REAR: 42 × 1½ inches STEERING: Chain and sprocket (patented) BRAKES: 2 on differential sprockets, 2 emergency SPRINGS: Full elliptical FRAME: Wood sill, reinforced by angle iron BORE: 4½ in.; STROKE: 4 in. CYLINDERS: 2 opposed VALVE ARRANGEMENT: Automatic intake; mechanical exhaust MOTOR SUSPENSION: From sills COOLING: Air IGNITION: Jump spark CURRENT SUPPLY: Dry cells CARBURETER: Schebler LUBRICATION: Gravity feed MOTOR-CONTROL: Spark and throttle CLUTCH: None SPEEDS: 3 to 25 miles DRIVE: Friction drive (patented) - 'Britain's Sure Shield'
- A store of crossbow bolts, shafts and heads
The crossbowman is aiming at a target to the left of the picture. From a catalogue of the Arsenal of the Emperor Maximilian I. (6. 1459, d. 1519). - Waltham-Orient, Model B R., 4 H.P
Waltham-Orient, Model B R., 4 H.P. Waltham Mfg. Co., Waltham, Mass. PRICE: $400 BODY: Runabout SEATS: 2 persons WEIGHT: 600 pounds WHEEL-BASE: 80 inches TREAD: 42 inches TIRES, FRONT: 26 × 2½ in. TIRES, REAR: 26 × 2½ in. STEERING: Tiller BRAKES: On rear hubs SPRINGS: Elliptical front and rear FRAME: Wood BORE: 3¼ in.; STROKE: 4¼ in. CYLINDERS: One in back VALVE ARRANGEMENT: Automatic inlet; mechanical exhaust MOTOR SUSPENSION: Rear on side members of frame COOLING: Air IGNITION: Jump spark CURRENT SUPPLY: Dry battery CARBURETER: Orient LUBRICATION: Oil pump MOTOR-CONTROL: Throttle and spark CLUTCH: Friction CHANGE GEAR: Friction SPEEDS: 5 forward, 2 reverse CHANGE-GEAR CONTROL: Side lever DRIVE: Friction drive NOTE: Furnished with 2 cylinder motor for $50 extra. - M249 Machine Gun exploded view
A - Barrel Assembly B - Rear Sight Assembly C - Cover and Feed mechanism Assembly D - Feed Pawl Assembly E - Cocking Hand Assembly F - Butt stock and Shoulder Assembly G - Piston Assembly H - Bolt Assembly I - Slide Assembly J - Operating Rod Assembly K - Receiver Assembly L - Trigger Mechanism Assembly M - Hand Guard Assembly N - Bipod Machine Gun O - Gas Cylinder Assembly - Stick grenade antipersonnel mine
- 5-cm Pak 38
- Sketch of Eierhandgranate 39 (egg-type hand grenade, model 39)
- Going to Bury Fair
From Engraving, A.D. 1750. - Crossbowmen killing Deer and Wild Boars
From MS. Gaston Phosbus. Fourteenth century - Crossbowmen
The centre figure may be seen bending his crossbow with a windlass, with his foot in the stirrup of the weapon. From Manuscript, Froissart's ' Chronicles. - The Cavalry man making point to the right
- Allonge
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- Locomotive of To-day
- Front View of the Guards
- Mr. Daniel Bourn’s Roller Wheel Waggon -1763
Bourn’s reference to the “narrow-wheel waggon” touches a matter which formed the subject of hot debate for generations. It was urged that the narrow wheels of waggons were largely the means of cutting up the roads, and no doubt these did contribute to the general condition of rut and ridge that characterised them. This view was adopted by Parliament, and to encourage the use of wide wheels a system of turnpike tolls was adopted which treated the wide tire far more leniently than the narrow; anything under 9 inches in width being considered narrow. Bourn was a warm advocate for wide wheels, and the book from which the above passage is taken describes an improved waggon invented by himself; the drawing is[80] from the inventor’s work. The wheels of this vehicle resemble small garden rollers; they are 2 feet high and 16 inches wide. Each is attached independently to the body of the waggon and the fore wheels being placed side by side in the centre, while the hind wheels are set wide apart, the waggon is practically designed to fulfil the functions of a road-roller. It does not appear that Bourn’s invention obtained any general acceptance, which is perhaps not very surprising. - Octave Chanute experimenting with his gliders on the Michigan sand dunes
Octave Chanute, born in France and reared in America, was one of the first men to make a scientific approach to the problem of flying machines. A thorough scientist, he had followed the progress of all flight experiments the world over. He built gliders with one, two, and even five pairs of wings and tested all of them on the sand dunes of Lake Michigan. His most successful glides were made with a biplane glider. In 1894, he published a book called Progress of Flying Machines, which covered all the efforts of men like himself who had experimented with man-carrying gliders and flying machines. - Positions for the use of the sword
- Pennsylvania, 35 H.P. Pennsylvania Auto Motor Co., Phil., Pa.
PRICE: $2,800 BODY: Mercedes SEATS: 5 persons WEIGHT: 2,550 pounds WHEEL-BASE: 111 inches TREAD: 56 inches TIRES, FRONT: 34 × 4 in. TIRES, REAR: 34 × 4 in. STEERING: Worm and nut BRAKES: Double on rear wheels SPRINGS: Front, 40 in. long; Rear, platform type FRAME: Pressed steel BORE: 4½ in.; STROKE: 5 in. CYLINDERS: 4 vertical, cast separate VALVE ARRANGEMENT: Same side MOTOR SUSPENSION: Direct from sub-frame COOLING: Water; cellular radiator IGNITION: Jump spark CURRENT SUPPLY: Storage battery CARBURETER: Schebler LUBRICATION: Force feed MOTOR-CONTROL: Spark and throttle CLUTCH: Cone CHANGE GEAR: Sliding type SPEEDS: 3 forward and reverse CHANGE-GEAR CONTROL: Selective system DRIVE: Shaft - Marion Model 7, 22–24 H.P
Marion Model 7, 22–24 H.P. The Marion Motor Car Co., Indianapolis, Ind. PRICE: $2,000 BODY: Runabout SEATS: 2 persons WEIGHT: 1,750 pounds WHEEL-BASE: 100 inches TREAD: 55 inches TIRES, FRONT: 32 × 3½ inches TIRES, REAR: 32 × 3½ inches STEERING: Worm and sector BRAKES: Hub, internal and external SPRINGS: Semi-elliptic front, and full scroll rear FRAME: Pressed steel BORE: 4 in.; STROKE: 4 in. CYLINDERS: 4 separate VALVE ARRANGEMENT: Opposite sides MOTOR SUSPENSION: From side members of main frame COOLING: Water IGNITION: High-tension CURRENT SUPPLY: Storage battery CARBURETER: Schebler or Holley LUBRICATION: Force feed MOTOR-CONTROL: Spark and throttle CLUTCH: Multiple disc CHANGE GEAR: "Hassler" SPEEDS: 2 forward and reverse CHANGE-GEAR CONTROL: Side lever DRIVE: Shaft - The Bayonet Exercise
- General Arrangements of Mark V. Tank—Front View
- 50
- Horse Litter
Horse litters, carried between two horses, one in front and one behind, were used in early times by ladies of `rank`, by sick persons, and also on occasion to carry the dead. Similar vehicles of a lighter description, carried by men, were also in use. William of Malmesbury states that the body of William Rufus was brought from the spot where he was killed in the New Forest in a horse-litter (a.d. 1100). When King John fell ill at Swineshead Abbey, in 1216, he was carried in a horse-litter to Newark, where he died. For a man who was in good health to travel in such a conveyance was considered unbecoming and effeminate. In recording the death, in 1254, of Earl Ferrers, from injuries received in an accident to his conveyance, Matthew Paris deems it necessary to explain that the Earl suffered from gout, which compelled him to use a litter when moving from place to place. The accident was caused by the carelessness of the driver of the horses, who upset the conveyance while crossing a bridge. The illustration is copied from a drawing which occurs in a manuscript in the British Museum (Harl. 5256). - 33
- 48
- General Arrangement of Mark V. Tank—Sectional Elevation
- On guard
- The Machine, 1640-1700
The coaches that travelled between London and distant towns were similar in construction to the hackney coach, which plied for hire in the streets, but were built on a larger scale. They carried eight passengers inside, and behind, over the axle, was a great basket for baggage and outside passengers, who made themselves as comfortable as they might in the straw supplied. The “insides” were protected from rain and cold by leather curtains; neither passengers nor baggage were carried on the roof; and the coachman sat on a bar fixed between the two standard posts from which the body was hung in front, his feet being supported by a footboard on the perch. Mr. Thrupp states that in 1662 there were only six stage coaches in existence; which assertion does not agree with that of Chamberlayne, quoted on a previous page; the seventeenth century writer tells us that in his time—1649—stage coaches ran “from London to the principle towns in the country.” It seems, however, certain that the year 1662 saw a great increase in the number of “short stages”—that is to say, coaches running between London and towns twenty, thirty, forty miles distant. - Wolfe, Model A, 24 H.P
Wolfe, Model A, 24 H.P. H. E. Wilcox Motor Car Company, Minneapolis, Minn. PRICE: $1,800 BODY: Side entrance, rear seat removable SEATS: 5 persons WEIGHT: 1,900 pounds WHEEL-BASE: 108 inches TREAD: 56 inches TIRES, FRONT: 34 × 3½ inches TIRES, REAR: 34 × 3½ inches STEERING: Worm and sector BRAKES: On rear hubs SPRINGS: Full elliptic FRAME: Pressed steel BORE: 4 in.; STROKE: 4 in. CYLINDERS: 4 vertical, tandem MOTOR SUSPENSION: On sub-frame COOLING: Air IGNITION: Jump spark CURRENT SUPPLY: Battery CARBURETER: Float-feed LUBRICATION: Mechanical force feed MOTOR-CONTROL: Spark and throttle CLUTCH: Cone CHANGE GEAR: Sliding type SPEEDS: 3 forward and reverse CHANGE-GEAR CONTROL: Side lever DRIVE: Side chain NOTE: Runabout body fitted to above chassis for a list of $1,700. Light delivery body also furnished on order. - A ship of war, wth crossbowmen
Of this plate Valturius quaintly writes: ' When everything is cleared for navigation before the charge is made upon the enemy, it is well that those who are about to engage the foe should first practise in port, and grow accustomed to turn the tiller in calm water, to get ready the iron grapples and hooked poles, and sharpen the axes and scythes at their ends. The soldiers should learn to stand firm upon the decks and keep their footing, so that what they learn in sham fight they may not shrink from in real action. - Near Side protect and Giving Point
- Quarte
- The Cut of the Cavalry
- The Cut and Thrust in Quarte
- An Old-fashioned Train of Cars
An Old-fashioned Train of Cars - General Arrangement of Mark V. Tank—Sectional Plan
- Leonardo da Vinci's Glider and Parachute Idea
Leonardo da Vinci, the great Italian artist and scientist, who lived in the fifteenth century, spent years experimenting with the idea of flying. He made a number of sketches of wings to be fitted to the arms and legs of man. His plan for a parachute was soundly worked out and his idea that the wings of a flying machine should be patterned after the wings of the bat found expression in the doped fabric covering of our early airplanes.